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Table of Chinese monarchs
Always put the following on top
See also:
As the reader can see, this page is the second longest wikipedian article. Any mistake can easily slip away from observation. So for a uniformity of convention, please also type the Chinese character or Pinyin or Zhuyin pronunciation with any romanization you have typed. Thanks very much.
Requested list of sovereigns
Sovereigns of:
- Bohai (渤海 bo2 hai3)
- Nanzhao (南詔 nan2 zhao4)
- Dali (大理 da4 li3)
- Huns or Xiongnu(匈奴 xiong1 nu2)
- Tibet or Tubo (吐蕃| tu3 fan1 sometimes pronounced as 吐播|tu bo1)
- Huihe(回紇 hui2 he2) or Uighurs
- Gokturks or 突厥 tu2 jue2
- Avars or Rouran 柔然 rou2 ran2.
Below is a list of Chinese sovereigns. Between the Qin and the Qing dynasty sovereigns who ruled an unified China were known as Emperor - huang di 皇帝 huang2 di4. Before the Qin, the title of a sovereign was wang 王 wang2 which is translated as king.
Only the most recognized posthumous or temple names were used for all tables of sovereigns and referencing. For example, many kings of the Ten Kingdoms in the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had tiresome posthumous names consisted of 10 to 20 Chinese characters. Why bother quoting them while only clear referencing is needed.
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
|---|
| Convention: posthumous name |
| Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. |
| Yu|禹 yu3 or Xia Yu|夏禹 xia4 yu3 or Da Yu|大禹 da4 yu3 |
| Qi|啟 qi3 |
| Tai Kang|太康 tai4 kang1 |
| Zhong Kang|仲康 zhong4 kang1 |
| Xiang|相 xiang4 |
| Shao Kang|少康 shao4 kang1 or Xia Shao Kang|夏少康 xia4 shao4 kang1 |
| Zhu|杼 zhu4 |
| Huai|槐 huai2 |
| Mang|芒 mang2 |
| Xie|泄 xie4 |
| Bu Jiang|不降 bu4 jiang4 |
| Jiong|扃 jiong1 |
| Jin|廑 ( Putonghua: jin3 or Guoyu: jin4 ) |
| Kong Jia|孔甲 kong3 jia3 |
| Gao|皋 gao1 |
| Fa|發 fa1 |
| Jie|桀 jie2 or Xia Jie|夏桀 xia4 jie2 or Luu Gui|履癸 luu3 gui3 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) |
|---|
| Convention: posthumous name |
| Note: 1) all dates are approximate until the Duumvirate when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. 2) Personal names of most of the Shang sovereigns were unknown. The following names were most likely posthumous owing to frequent appearances of the Heavenly Stems (Tian Gan|天干 tian1 gan1). |
| Tang|湯 tang1 or Shang Tang|商湯 shang1 tang1 |
| Wai Bing|外丙 wai4 bing3 |
| Zhong Ren|仲壬 zhong4 ren2 |
| Tai Jia|太甲 tai4 jia3 |
| Wo Ding|沃丁 wo4 ding1 |
| Tai Geng|太庚 tai4 geng1 |
| Xiao Jia|小甲 xiao3 jia3 |
| Yong Ji|雍己 yong1 ji3 |
| Tai Wu|太戊 tai4 wu4 |
| Zhong Ding|仲丁 zhong4 ding1 |
| Wai Ren|外壬 wai4 ren2 |
| He Dan Jia|河亶甲 he2 dan3 jia3 |
| Zu Yi|祖乙 zu3 yi3 |
| Zu Xin|祖辛 zu3 xin1 |
| Wo Jia|沃甲 wo4 jia3 |
| Zu Ding|祖丁 zu3 ding1 |
| Nan Geng|南庚 nan2 geng1 |
| Yang Jia|陽甲 yang2 jia3 |
| Note: As Shang finally settled down at Yin (殷 yin1). The period of Shang Dynasty starting from Pang Geng (盤庚 pang2 geng1) is also frequently referred to as the Yin Dynasty. |
| Pang Geng|盤庚 pang2 geng1 |
| Xiao Xin|小辛 xiao3 xin1 |
| Xiao Yi|小乙 xiao3 yi3 |
| Wu Ding|武丁 wu3 ding1 |
| Zu Geng|祖庚 zu3 geng1 |
| Zu Jia|祖甲 zu3 jia3 |
| Lin Xin|廩辛 lin3 xin1 |
| Kang Ding|康丁 kang1 ding1 |
| Wu Yi|武乙 wu3 yi3 |
| Tai Ding|太丁 tai4 ding1 or Wen Ding|文丁 wen2 ding1 |
| Di Yi|帝乙 di4 yi3 |
| Di Xin|帝辛 di4 xin1 or Zhou|紂 zhou4 or Zhou Xin|紂辛 zhou4 xin1 or Zhou Wang|紂王zhou4 wang2 |
| Note: King Zhou could also referred to as adding Shang (商 shang1) in front of any of his names. |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Zhou" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: all dates are approximate util the Duo when first accurate dating of Chinese history began. Refer to Zhou dynasty for more info. | ||
| Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty 1122 B.C.-771 B.C. | ||
| 武王 wu3 wang2[?] | Ji Fa|姬發 ji1 fa1 | 1122 B.C.-1116 B.C. |
| 成王 cheng2 wang2[?] | Ji Song|姬誦 ji1 song4 | 1115 B.C.-1079 B.C. |
| 康王 kang1 wang2[?] | Ji Zhao|姬釗 ji1 zhao1 | 1078 B.C.-1053 B.C. |
| 昭王 zhao1 wang2[?] | Ji Xia|姬瑕 ji1 xia2 | 1052 B.C.-1002 B.C. |
| 穆王 mo4 wang2[?] | Ji Man|姬滿 ji1 man3 | 1001 B.C.-947 B.C. |
| 共王 gong1 wang2[?] | Ji Yi-Hu|姬繄扈 ji1 yi1 hu4 | 946 B.C.-935 B.C. |
| 懿王 yi4 wang2[?] | Ji Jian|姬(喜replaces隹in 難) ji1 jian1 | 934 B.C.-910 B.C. |
| 孝王 xiao4 wang2[?] | Ji Man|姬辟方 ji1 pi4 fang1 | 909 B.C.-895 B.C. |
| 夷王 yi2 wang2[?] | Ji Xie|姬燮 ji1 xie4 | 894 B.C.-879 B.C. |
| 厲王 li4 wang2[?] | Ji Hu|姬胡 ji1 hu2 | 878 B.C.-841 B.C. |
| The Duumvirate 841 B.C.-828 B.C.[?] | ||
| 宣王 xuan1 wang2[?] | Ji Jing|姬靜 ji1 jing4 | 827 B.C.-782 B.C. |
| 幽王 you1 wang2[?] | Ji Gong Sheng|姬宮湦 ji1 gong1 sheng1 | 781 B.C.-771 B.C. |
| Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty 770 B.C.-256 B.C. | ||
| 平王 ping2 wang2[?] | Ji Yi Jiu|姬宜臼 ji1 yi2 jiu4 | 770 B.C.-720 B.C. |
| 桓王 huan2 wang2[?] | Ji Lin|姬林 ji1 lin2 | 719 B.C.-697 B.C. |
| 春秋時代 (chun1 qiu1 shi2 dai4) Spring and Autumn Period 722 B.C.-481 B.C. | ||
| 莊王 zhuang1 wang2[?] | Ji Tuo|姬佗 ji1 tuo2 | 696 B.C.-682 B.C. |
| Li Wang|釐王 li2 wang2 or Xi Wang|(僖 or 禧) 王 (xi1 or xi3) wang2 | Ji Hu Qi|姬胡齊 ji1 hu2 qi2 | 681 B.C.-677 B.C. |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2[?] | Ji Lang|姬閬 ji1 ( Guoyu: lang3 or Putonghua: lang4) | 676 B.C.-652 B.C. |
| 襄王 xiang1 wang2[?] | Ji Zheng|姬鄭 ji1 zheng4 | 651 B.C.-619 B.C. |
| 頃王 qing3 wang2[?] | Ji Ren Chen|姬壬臣 ji1 ren2 chen2 | 618 B.C.-613 B.C. |
| 匡王 kuang1 wang2[?] | Ji Ban|姬班 ji1 ban1 | 612 B.C.-607 B.C. |
| 定王 ding4 wang2[?] | Ji Yu|姬瑜 ji1 yu2 | 606 B.C.-586 B.C. |
| 簡王 jian3 wang2[?] | Ji Yi|姬夷 ji1 yi2 | 585 B.C.-572 B.C. |
| 靈王 ling2 wang2[?] | Ji Xie Xin|姬泄心 ji1 xie4 xin1 | 571 B.C.-545 B.C. |
| 景王 jing3 wang2[?] | Ji Gui|姬貴 ji1 gui4 | 544 B.C.-521 B.C. |
| 悼王 dao4 wang2[?] | Ji Meng|姬猛 ji1 meng3 | 520 B.C. |
| 敬王 jing4 wang2[?] | Ji Gai|姬丐 ji1 gai4 | 519 B.C.-476 B.C. |
| 元王 yuan2 wang2[?] | Ji Ren|姬仁 ji1 ren2 | 475 B.C.-469 B.C. |
| 貞定王 zhen1 ding4 wang2[?] | Ji Jie|姬介 ji1 jie4 | 468 B.C.-442 B.C. |
| 哀王 ai1 wang2[?] | Ji Qu Ji|姬去疾 ji1 qu4 ji2 | 441 B.C. |
| 思王 xi1 wang2[?] | Ji Shu|姬叔 ji1 shu2 | 441 B.C. |
| 考王 kao3 wang2[?] | Ji Wei|姬嵬 ji1 wei2 | 440 B.C.-426 B.C. |
| 威烈王 wei1 lie4 wang2[?] | Ji Wu|姬午 ji1 wu3 | 425 B.C.-402 B.C. |
| 戰國時代(zhan4 guo2 shi2 dai4) Period of the Warring states 403 B.C.-221 B.C. | ||
| 安王 an1 wang2[?] | Ji Jiao|姬驕 ji1 jiao1 | 401 B.C.-376 B.C. |
| 烈王 lie4 wang2[?] | Ji Xi|姬喜 ji1 xi3 | 375 B.C.-369 B.C. |
| 顯王 xian3 wang2[?] | Ji Bian|姬扁 ji1 bian3 | 368 B.C.-321 B.C. |
| 慎靚王 shen4 jing4 wang2[?] | Ji Ding|姬定 ji1 ding4 | 320 B.C.-315 B.C. |
| 赧王 nan3 wang2[?] | Ji Yan|姬延 ji1 yan2 | 314 B.C.-256 B.C. |
| 惠王 hui4 wang2[?] | ? | 255 B.C.-249 B.C. |
| Note: nobles of the Ji family proclaim Hui Wang as the succesor to the dynasty after Luoyang fell to Qin. However the resistance did not last long when Qin army advanced southwards. So Zhou Nan Wang was widely considered as the last emperor of Zhou. | ||
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns |
|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name | ||
| Note: Qin Zhao Shang Wang (秦昭襄王 qin2 zhao1 xiang1 wang2) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhao Shang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang Di was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor". | ||
| Zhao Xiang Wang|昭襄王 zhao1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Ze|嬴則 ying2 ze2 or Ying Ji|嬴稷 ying2 ji4 | 255 B.C.-250 B.C. |
| Xiao Wen Wang|孝文王 xiao4 wen2 wang2 | Ying Zhu|嬴柱 ying2 zhu4 | 250 B.C. |
| Zhuang Xiang Wang|莊襄王 zhuang1 xiang1 wang2 | Ying Zi Chu|嬴子楚 ying2 zi5 chu3 | 249 B.C.-247 B.C. |
| 始皇帝 shi3 huang2 di4 | Ying Zheng|嬴政 ying2 zheng4 | 246 B.C.-210 B.C. |
| Er Shi|二世 er4 shi4 | Ying Hu Hai|嬴胡亥 ying2 hu2 hai4 | 209 B.C.-207 B.C. |
| Zi Ying was often referred using personal name or Qin Wang Zi Ying (秦王子嬰 qin2 wang2 zi5 ying1) | ||
| Did not exist | Ying Zi Ying|嬴子嬰 ying2 zi5 ying1 | 207 B.C. |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Han" + posthumous name | |||
| Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9 AD | |||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Liu Bang (劉邦 liu3 bang1) | 206 B.C.-195 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4)[?] | Liu Ying (劉盈 liu3 ying2) | 194 B.C.-188 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Gong|劉恭 liu3 gong1 | 188 B.C.-184 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) | Liu Hong|劉弘 liu3 hong2 | 184 B.C.-180 B.C. | Did not exist |
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4)[?] | Liu Heng (劉恆 liu3 heng2) | 179 B.C.-157 B.C. | Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 163 B.C.-156 B.C. |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4)[?] | Liu Qi (劉啟 liu3 qi3) | 156 B.C.-141 B.C. | Chngyuan[?] (中元 zhong1 yuan2) 149 B.C.-143 B.C. Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 143 B.C.-141 B.C. |
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4)[?] | Liu Che (劉徹 liu3 che4) | 140 B.C.- 87 B.C. | Jianyuan[?] (建元 jian4 yuan2) 140 B.C.-135 B.C. Yuanguang[?](元光 yuan2 guang1) 134 B.C.-129 B.C. Yuanshuo[?] (元朔 yuan2 shuo4) 128 B.C.-123 B.C. Yuanshou[?] (元狩 yuan2 shou4) 122 B.C.-117 B.C. Yuanding[?] (元鼎 yuan2 ding3) 116 B.C.-111 B.C. Yuanfeng[?] (元封 yuan2 feng1) 110 B.C.-105 B.C. Taichu[?] (太初 tai4 chu1) 104 B.C.-101 B.C. Tianhan[?] (天漢 tian1 han4) 100 B.C.-97 B.C. Taishi[?] (太始 tai4 shi3) 96 B.C.-93 B.C. Zhenghe[?] (征和 zheng1 he2) 92 B.C.-89 B.C. Houyuan[?] (後元 hou4 yuan2) 88 B.C.-87 B.C. |
| Zhao Di (昭帝 zhao1 di4)[?] | Liu Fu Ling (劉弗陵 liu3 fu2 ling2) | 86 B.C.- 74 B.C. | Shiyuan[?] (始元 shi3 yuan2) 86 B.C.-80 B.C. Yuanfeng[?] (元鳳 yuan2 feng4) 80 B.C.-75 B.C. Yuanping[?](元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C. |
| Chang Yi Wang (昌邑王 chang1 yi2 wang2) | Liu He (劉賀 liu3 he4) | 74 B.C. | Yuanping[?](元平 yuan2 ping2) 74 B.C. |
| Xuan Di (宣帝 xuan1 di4)[?] | Liu Xun (劉詢 liu3 xun2) | 73 B.C.- 49 B.C. | Benshi[?] (本始 ben3 shi3) 73 B.C.-70 B.C. Dijie[?] (地節 di4 jie2) 69 B.C.-66 B.C. Yuankang[?] (元康 yuan2 kang1) 65 B.C.-61 B.C. Shenjue[?] (神爵 shen2 jue2) 61 B.C.-58 B.C. Wufeng[?] (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 57 B.C.-54 B.C. Ganlu[?] (甘露 gan1 lu4) 53 B.C.-50 B.C. Huanglong[?] (黃龍 hunag2 long2) 49 B.C. |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4)[?] | Liu Shi (劉奭 liu3 shi4) | 48 B.C.- 33 B.C. | Chuyuan[?] (初元 chu1 yuan2) 48 B.C.-44 B.C. Yongguang[?] (永光 yong3 guang1) 43 B.C.-39 B.C. Jianzhao[?] (建昭 jian4 zhao1) 38 B.C.-34 B.C. Jingning[?] (竟寧 jing4 ning2) 33 B.C. |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4)[?] | Liu Ao (劉驁 liu3 ao2) | 32 B.C.-7 B.C. | Jianshi[?] (建始 jian4 shi3) 32 B.C.-28 B.C. Heping[?] (河平 he2 ping2) 28 B.C.-25 B.C. Yangshuo[?](陽朔 yang2 shuo4) 24 B.C.-21 B.C. Hongjia[?] (鴻嘉 hong2 jia1) 20 B.C.-17 B.C. Yongshi[?] (永始 yong3 shi3) 16 B.C.-13 B.C. Yuanyan[?] (元延 yuan2 yan2) 12 B.C.-9 B.C. Suihe[?] (綏和 sui1 he2) 8 B.C.-7 B.C. |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4)[?] | Liu Xin (劉欣 liu3 xin1) | 6 B.C.-1 B.C. | Jianping[?] (建平 jian4 ping2) 6 B.C.-3 B.C. Yuanshou[?] (元壽 yuan2 shou4) 2 B.C.-1 B.C. |
| Ping Di (平帝 ping2 di4)[?] | Liu Kan (劉衎 liu3 kan4) | 1-5 | Yuanshi[?] (元始 yuan2 shi3) 1-5 |
| Ru Zi Ying (孺子嬰 ru2 zi5 ying1) | Liu Ying (劉嬰 liu3 ying1) | 6-8 | Jushe[?] (居攝 ju1 she4) 6- October 8 Chushi[?] (初始 chu1 shi3) November 8-December 8 |
| the Xin Dynasty[?] by Wang Mang[?] | 9-23 | Shijianguo[?] (始建國 shi3 jian4 guo1) 9- 13 Tianfeng[?] (天鳳 tian1 feng1) 14-19 Dihuang[?] (地皇 di4 huang2) 20-23 |
|
| Geng Shi Di (更始帝 gang4 shi3 di4)[?] | Liu Xuan (劉玄 liu3 xuan2) | 23-25 | Gengshi[?] (更始 geng4 shi3) 23-25 |
| Eastern Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD | |||
| Guang Wu Di (光武帝 guang1 wu3 di4)[?] | Liu Xiu (劉秀 liu3 xiu4) | 25-57 | Jianwu[?] (建武 jian4 wu3) 25-56 Jianwuzhongyuan[?] (建武中元 jian4 wu3 zhong1 yuan2) 56-57 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhuang (劉莊 liu3 zhuang1) | 58-75 | Yongping[?] (永平 yong3 ping2) 58-75 |
| Zhang Di (章帝 zhang1 di4)[?] | Liu Da (劉炟 liu3 da2) | 76-88 | Jianchu[?] (建初 jian4 chu1) 76-84 Yuanhe[?] (元和 yuan2 he2) 84-87 Zhanghe[?] (章和 zhang1 he2) 87-88 |
| He Di (和帝 he2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhao (劉肇 liu3 zhao4) | 89-105 | Yongyuan[?] (永元 yong3 yuan2) 89-105 Yuanxing[?] (元興 yuan2 xing1) 105 |
| Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) | Liu Long (劉隆 liu3 long2) | 106 | Yanping (延平 yan2 ping2) 9 months in 106 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4)[?] | Liu Hu (劉祜 liu3 hu4) | 106-125 | Yongchu[?] (永初 yong3 chu1) 107-113 Yuanchu[?] (元初 yuan2 chu1) 114-120 Yongning[?](永寧 yong3 ning2) 120-121 Jianguang[?] (建光 jian4 guang1) 121-122 Yanguang[?] (延光 yan2 guang1) 122-125 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Bei Xiang Hou (北鄉侯 bei3 xiang1 hou2)[?] | Liu Yi (劉懿 liu3 yi4) | 125 | Yanguang[?] (延光 yan2 guang1) 125 |
| Shun Di (順帝 shun4 di4)[?] | Liu Bao (劉保 liu3 bao2) | 125-144 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 126-132 Yangjia (陽嘉 yang2 jia1) 132-135 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 136-141 Hanan (漢安 han4 an1) 142-144 Jiankang (建康 jian4 kang1) 144 |
| Chong Di (沖帝 chong1 di4)[?] | Liu Bing (劉炳 liu3 bing3) | 144-145 | Yongxi (永熹 yong1 xi1) 145 |
| Zhi Di (質帝 zhi2 di4)[?] | Liu Zuan (劉纘 liu3 zuan3) | 145-146 | Benchu (本初 ben3 chu1) 146 |
| Huan Di (桓帝 huan2 di4)[?] | Liu Zhi (劉志 liu3 zhi3) | 146-168 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 147-149 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 150 Yuanjia (元嘉 yuan2 jia1) 151-153 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 153-154 Yongshou (永壽 yong3 shou4) 155-158 Yanxi (延熹 yan2 xi1) 158-167 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 167 |
| Ling Di (靈帝 ling2 di4)[?] | Liu Hong (劉宏 liu2 hong2) | 168-189 | Jianning (建寧 jian4 ning2) 168-172 Xiping (熹平 xi1 ping2) 172-178 Guanghe (光和 guang1 he2) 178-184 Zhongping(中平 zhong1 ping2) 184-189 |
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) or Hong Nong Wang (弘農王 hong2 nong2 wang2) | Liu Bian (劉辯 liu3 bian4) | 189 | Guangxi (光熹 guang1 xi1) 189 Zhaoning (昭寧 zhao1 ning2) 189 |
| Xian Di (獻帝 xian4 di4)[?] | Liu Xie (劉協 liu3 xie2) | 189-220 | Yonghan (永漢 yong3 han4) 189 Chuping (初平 chu1 ping2) 190-193 Xingping (興平 xing1 ping2) 194-195 Jianan (建安 jian4 an1) 196-220 Yankang (延康 yan2 kang1) 220 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wei 220-265 AD | |||
| Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names. | |||
| Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) | Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 | 220-226 | Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 | 226-239 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237 Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239 |
| Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) | Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 | 239-254 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254 |
| Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) | Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 | 254-260 | Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 | 260-265 | Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264 Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265 |
| Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) | 劉備 (liu2 bei4) | 221-223 | Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223 |
| Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Chan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) | 223-263 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257 Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263 Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263 |
| Wu 222-280 | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) | 孫權 sun1 quan2 | 222-252 | Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229 Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231 Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238 Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252 Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252 |
| Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) | Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 | 252-258 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253 Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258 |
| Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Sun Xiu|孫休 sun1 xiu1 | 258-264 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264 |
| Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) | Sun Hao|孫皓 sun1 hao4 | 264-280 | Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266 Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269 Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271 Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274 Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276 Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276 Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name | |||
| Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317 | |||
| Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 | 265-290 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289 Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290 |
| Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 | 290-306 | Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291 Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306 Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306 |
| Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) | Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 | 307-311 | Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313 |
| Min Di (愍帝 min3 di4) | Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 | 313-317 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317 |
| Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty[?] 317 AD - 420 AD | |||
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 | 317-322 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322 |
| Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 | 322-325 | Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325 |
| Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) | Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 | 325-342 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325 Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342 |
| Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) | Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 | 342-344 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344 |
| Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) | Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 | 345-361 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) | Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 | 361-365 | Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363 Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365 |
| Hai Xi Gong (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) | Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 | 365-371 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 | 371-372 | Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372 |
| Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) | Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 | 372-396 | Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375 Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396 |
| An Di (安帝 an1 di4) | Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 | 396-418 | Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404 Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418 |
| Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 | 419-420 | Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | ||||
| Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire) | ||||
| Han Empire 304-318 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) | Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 | 304-310 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308 Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309 Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310 |
| Did not exist | Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) | Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 | 7 days in 310 | Did not exist |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 | 310-318 | Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316 Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) | Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 | a month and days in 318 | Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318 |
| Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 | 318-329 | Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329 |
| Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351 | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) | Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 | 319-333 | Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333 |
| Did not exist | Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) | Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 | 333-334 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333 Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 | 334-349 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349 |
| Did not exist | Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) | Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 | 73 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) | Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 | 183 days in 349 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349 |
| Did not exist | Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) | Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 | 103 days within 349-350 | Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350 |
| Did not exist | Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) | Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 | 350-351 | Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350 |
| Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire) | ||||
| Cheng Empire 303-338 | ||||
| Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) | Li Te|李特 li3 te4 | 303 | Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) | Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 | several months in 303 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) | Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 | 303-334 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305 Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334 |
| Did not exist | Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) | Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 | 7 months in 334 | Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334 |
| Did not exist | You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) | Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 | 334-338 | Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338 |
| Han Empire 338-347 | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 | 338-343 | Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343 |
| Did not exist | Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) | Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 | 343-347 | Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346 Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347 |
| Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) | Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 | 337-348 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) | Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 | 348-360 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353 Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357 Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360 |
| Did not exist | You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) | Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 | 360-370 | Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370 |
| Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) | Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 | 384-396 | Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396 |
| Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) | Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) | Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 | 396-398 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 | 398-401 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398 Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) | Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 | 401-407 | Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406 Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407 |
| Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410 | ||||
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) | Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 | 398-405 | Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 | 405-410 | Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410 |
| Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436 | ||||
| Did not exist | Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) | Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 | 407-409 | Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) | Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 | 409-430 | Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430 |
| Did not exist | Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) | Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 | 430-436 | Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436 |
| Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376 | ||||
| Did not exist | Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 | 320-324 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324 |
| Did not exist | Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) | Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 | 324-346 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346 |
| Did not exist | Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) | Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 | 346-353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353 |
| Did not exist | Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) | Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 | 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353 |
| Did not exist | Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) | Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 | 353-355 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355 |
| Did not exist | Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) | Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 | 355-363 | Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363 |
| Did not exist | Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) | Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 | 364-376 | Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376 |
| Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) | Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 | 386-399 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389 Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399 |
| Did not exist | Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) | Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 | 399 | Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399 |
| Did not exist | Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) | Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 | 399-401 | Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401 |
| Did not exist | Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) | Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 | 401-403 | Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403 |
| Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) | Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 | 397-399 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399 |
| Did not exist | Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) | Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 | 399-402 | Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402 |
| Did not exist | Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) | Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮(人+辱)檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru? tan2 | 402-414 | Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404 Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414 |
| Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460) | ||||
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 | 397-401 | Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399 Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) | Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 | 401-433 | Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412 Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428 Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430 Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433 |
| Did not exist | Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) | Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 | 433-439 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 | 442-444 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443 Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 | 444-460 | Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460 |
| Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421 | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) | Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 | 400-417 | Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 | 417-420 | Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 | 420-421 | Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421 |
| Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD | ||||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) | Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 | 351-355 | Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355 |
| Did not exist | Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) | Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 | 355-357 | Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357 |
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) | Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 | 357-385 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359 Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385 |
| Did not exist | Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) | Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 | 385-386 | Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) | Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 | 386-394 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 | several months in 394 | Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394 |
| Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD | ||||
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) | Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 | 384-393 | Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) | Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 | 394-416 | Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399 Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 | 416-417 | Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417 |
| Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431 | ||||
| Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) | Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) | Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 | 385-388 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388 |
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) | Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 | 388-400,409-412 | Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412 |
| Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) | Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) | Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 | 388-400,409-412 | Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419 Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428 |
| Did not exist | Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) | Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 | 428-431 | Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431 |
| Xia Empire 407-431 | ||||
| Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 | 407-425 | Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413 Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418 Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419 Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425 |
| Did not exist | Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) | Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 | 425-428 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428 |
| Did not exist | Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) | Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 | 428-431 | Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts) | |||
| Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) | Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 | 350-352 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352 |
| Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394 | |||
| Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) | Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 | 384 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 | 384-386 | Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385 Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386 |
| Did not exist | Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 | 386 | Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 | 386 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 | 386 | Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 | 386 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386 |
| Did not exist | Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 | 386-394 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394 |
| Shu Kingdom 405-413 | |||
| Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) | Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 | 405-413 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 ) | |||
| Did not exist | Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 | mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 | early 4th century (309?) - 341 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 | 341-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 | 356-358 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 | 358-359 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 | 359-391 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 ) | |||
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 | late 3rd century-293 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 | 293-late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 | late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 | late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 | early 3rd century - 333 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 | 333-345 | Did not exist |
| Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338 | |||
| Did not exist | Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 | 303-310 or 311 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 | 310 or 311 - 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 | 318 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 | 318-321 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 | 318-325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 | 325 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 | 326-338 | Did not exist |
| Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) ) | |||
| First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371) | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 | late 2nd century- early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 | early 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 | early 3rd century - mid 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 | mid 3rd century - late 3rd century | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 | late 3rd century - 317 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 | 317-334 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 | 334-337 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 | 337-355 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 | 355-356 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 | 356-360 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 | 360-370 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 | 370-371 | Did not exist |
| Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473 | |||
| Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 | Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 | 385-394 | Did not exist |
| Hui Wen Wang|惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 | Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 | 394-425 | Did not exist |
| Xiao Zhao Wang|孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 | Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 | 425-429 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Bao Zong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 | 429 and 443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Nan Dang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 | 429-441 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440 |
| Did not exist | Yang Bao Chi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 | 442-443 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Wen De|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 | 443-454 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Yuan He|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 | 455-466 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Seng Si|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 | 466-473 | Did not exist |
| Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555 | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Wen Du|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 | 473-477 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Wen Hong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 | 477-482 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Hou Qi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 | 482-486 | Did not exist |
| An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) | Yang Ji Shi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 | 482-503 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Shao Xian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 | 503-506, 534-535 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Zhi Hui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 | 535-545 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Bi Xie|楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 | 545-553 | Did not exist |
| Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person | |||
| Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century | |||
| Did not exist | Yang Guang Xiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 | 477-483? | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3 | 483-495 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Chong Zu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 | 495-before 502 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Meng Sun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 | before 502-511 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 | 511- ? | Did not exist |
| Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377) | |||
| As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table. | |||
| Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu[?] and Beishi[?] which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu. | |||
| Shen Yuan Wang|神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 | Tuoba Li Wei|拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 | 219-277 | Did not exist |
| Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name | |||
| Zhang Wang|章王 zhang1 wang2 | Tuoba Xi Lu|拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 | 277-286 | Did not exist |
| Ping Wang|平王 ping2 wang2 | Tuoba Chuo|拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 | 286-293 | Did not exist |
| Si Wang|思王 si1 wang2 | Tuoba Fu|拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 | 293-294 | Did not exist |
| Zhao Wang|昭王 zhao1 wang2 | Tuoba Lu Guan|拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 | 294-307 | Did not exist |
| Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Tuo|拓拔猗(拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 tuo1 | 295-305 | Did not exist |
| Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Lu|拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 | 295-316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Tuoba Pu Gen|拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 | 316 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Tuoba (no first name)|拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? | 316 | Did not exist |
| Ping Wen Wang|平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 | Tuoba Yu Luu|拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 | 316-321 | Did not exist |
| Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2 | Tuoba He Ru|拓拔賀(人+辱) tou4 ba2 he4 ru3 | 321-325 | Did not exist |
| Yang Wang|煬王 yang2 wang2 | Tuoba He Na|拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 | 325-329 and 335-337 | Did not exist |
| Lie Wang|烈王 lie4 wang2 | Tuoba Yi Huai|拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 | 329-335 and 337-338 | Did not exist |
| Zhao Cheng Wang|昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 | Tuoba Shi Yi Jian|拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 | 338-377 | Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern dynasty | |||
| Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there. | |||
| Dao Wu Di|道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 | Tuoba Gui|拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 | 386-409 | Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404 Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409 |
| Ming Yuan Di|明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 | Tuoba Si|拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 | 409-423 | Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413 Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416 Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423 |
| Tai Wu Di|太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 | Tuoba Tao|拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 | 424-452 | Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428 Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-[{431]] Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434 Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440 Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451 Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452 |
| Nan An Wang|南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 | Tuoba Yu|拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 | 452 | Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452 |
| Wen Cheng Di|文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 | Tuoba Jun|拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 | 452-465 | Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454 Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459 Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465 |
| Xian Wen Di|獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 | Tuoba Hong|拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 | 466-471 | Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467 Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471 |
| Xiao Wen Di|孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 | Yuan Hong|元宏 yuan2 hong2 | 471-499 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476 Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499 |
| Xuan Wu Di|宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 | Yuan Ke|元恪 yuan2 ke4 | 500-515 | Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512 Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515 |
| Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | Yuan Xu|元詡 yuan2 xu3 | 516-528 | Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518 Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520 Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525 Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527 Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528 |
| Xiao Zhuang Di|孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 | Yuan Zi You|元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 | 528-530 | Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530 |
| Chang Guang Wang|長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 | Yuan Ye|元曄 yuan2 ye4 | 530-531 | Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531 |
| Jue Min Di|節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 | Yuan Gong|元恭 yuan2 gong1 | 531-532 | Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532 |
| An Ding Wang|安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 | Yuan Lang|元朗 yuan2 lang3 | 531-532 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532 |
| Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | Yuan Xiu|元脩 yuan2 xiu1 | 532-535 | Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535 |
| Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550 | |||
| Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 | Yuan Shan Jian|元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 | 534-550 | Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537 Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539 Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542 Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550 |
| Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Xuan Di|文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 | Gao Yang|高洋 gao1 yang2 | 550-559 | Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559 |
| Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 | Gao Yin|高殷 gao1 yin1 | 560 | Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560 |
| Xiao Zhao Di|孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 | Gao Yan|高演 gao1 yan3 | 560-561 | Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561 |
| Wu Cheng Di|武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 | Gao Zhan|高湛 gao1 zhan4 | 561-565 | Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562 Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Gao Wei|高緯 gao1 wei3 | 565-577 | Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569 Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576 Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576 |
| You Zhu|幼主 you4 zhu3 | Gao Heng|高恆 gao1 heng2 | 577 | Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577 |
| Fan Yang Wang|范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 | Gao Shao Yi|高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 | 577-579? | Did not exist |
| Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556 | |||
| Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 | Yuan Bao Ju|元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 | 535-551 | Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551 |
| Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 | Yuan Qin|元欽 yuan2 qin1 | 552-554 | Did not exist |
| Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 | Yuan Kuo|元廓 yuan2 kuo4 | 554-556 | Did not exist |
| Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581 | |||
| Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name | |||
| Xiao Min Di|孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 | Yuwen Jue|宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 | 557 | Did not exist |
| Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | Yuwen Yu|宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 | 557-560 | Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560 |
| Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 | Yuwen Yong|宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 | 561-578 | Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565 Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572 Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578 Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578 |
| Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 | Yuwen Yun|宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 | 579 | Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579 |
| Jing Di|靜帝 jing4 di4 | Yuwen Chan|宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 | 579-581 | Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581 |
| Southern dynasty 420-589 | |||
| Song Dynasty (420-479) | |||
| Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name. | |||
| Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | Liu Yu|劉裕 liu3 yu4 | 420-422 | Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422 |
| Shao Di|少帝 shao4 di4 | Liu Yi Fu|劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 | 423-424 | Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424 |
| Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 | Liu Yi Long|劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 | 424-453 | Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453 |
| Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 | Liu Jun|劉駿 liu3 jun4 | 454-464 | Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456 Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464 |
| Qian Fei Di|前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4 | Liu Zi Ye|劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 | 465 | Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465 Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465 |
| Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 | Liu Yu|劉彧 liu3 yu4 | 465-472 | Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471 Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472 |
| Hou Fei Di|後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 | Liu Yu|劉昱 liu3 yu4 | 473-477 | Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477 |
| Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4 | Liu Zhun|劉準 liu3 zhun3 | 477-479 | Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479 |
| Qi Dynasty 479-502 | |||
| Convention: Qi + posthumous name | |||
| Gao Di|高帝 gao1 di4 | Xiao Dao Cheng|蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 | 479-482 | Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482 |
| Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | Xiao Ze|蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 | 483-493 | Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493 |
| Yu Lin Wang|鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 | Xiao Zhao Ye|蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 | 494 | Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494 |
| Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) | Xiao Zhao Wen|蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 | 494 | Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494 |
| Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 | Xiao Luan|蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 | 494-498 | Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498 |
| Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) | Xiao Bao Juan|蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 | 499-501 | Yongyuan] (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501 |
| He Di|和帝 he2 di4 | Xiao Bao Rong|蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 | 501-502 | Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502 |
| Liang Dynasty 502-557 | |||
| Convention: Liang + posthumous name | |||
| Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 | Xiao Yan|蕭衍 xiao1 yan3 | 502-549 | Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519 Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527 Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549 |
| Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) | Xiao Gang|蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 | 549-551 | Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551 |
| Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) | Xiao Dong|蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 | 551-552 | Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552 |
| Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) | Xiao Yi|蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 | 552-555 | Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555 |
| Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) | Xiao Yuan Ming|蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 | 555 | Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555 |
| Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 | Xiao Fang Zhi|蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 | 555-557 | Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557 |
| Chen Dynasty 557-589 | |||
| Convention: Chen + posthumous name | |||
| Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 | Chen Ba Xian|陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 | 557-559 | Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559 |
| Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 | Chen Qian|陳蒨 chen2 qian4 | 560-566 | Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566 Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566 |
| Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 | Chen Bo Zong|陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 | 567-568 | Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568 |
| Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 | Chen Xu|陳頊 chen2 xu1 | 569-582 | Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Chen Shu Bao|陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 | 583-589 | Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586 Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name | ||||
| Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty. | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 | Xiao Cha|蕭察 xiao1 cha2 | 555-562 | Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562 |
| Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) | Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 | Xiao Kui|蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 | 562-585 | Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585 |
| Did not exist | Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 | Xiao Cong|蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 | 585-587 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585 |
| Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name | |||
| Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 | Yang Jian|楊堅 yang2 jian1 | 581-604 | Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600 Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604 |
| Yang Di|煬帝 yang2 di4 | Yang Guang|楊廣 yang2 guang3 | 605-617 | Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617 |
| Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 | Yang You|楊侑 yang2 you4 | 617-618 | Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Tang" + temple name | |||
| Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) | Li Yuan|李淵 li3 yuan1 | 618-626 | Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Li Shi Min|李世民 li3 shi4 min2 | 627-649 | Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649 |
| Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1) | Li Zhi |李治 li3 zhi4 | 650-683 | Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655 Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663 Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) | Li Xian|李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2 | 684, 705-710 | Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684 Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707 Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be> |
| Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1) | Li Dan|李旦 li3 dan4 | 684, 710-712 | Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684 Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711 Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712 Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712 |
| Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) | Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 | 684-705 | Guangzhai (光宅 guang1 zhai2) 684 Chuigong (垂拱 chui2 gong3) 685-688 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang1) 689 Zaichu (載初 zai4 chu1) 690 |
| Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) | |||
| Convention: use personal name | |||
| Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) | Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 | 684-705 | Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692 Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692 Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694 Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694 Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695 Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696 Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696 Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697 Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697 Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700 Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700 Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701 Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705 |
| Continuation of Tang Dynasty | |||
| Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) see note below the table | Li Chong Mao|李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 | 710 | Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710 |
| Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) | Li Long Ji|李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 | 712-756 | Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713 Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756 |
| Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) | Li Heng|李亨 li3 heng1 | 756-762 | Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758 Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761 |
| Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) | Li Yu|李豫 li3 yu4 | 762-779 | Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763 Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766 Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779 |
| De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) | Li Gua|李适 li3 gua1 | 780-805 | Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783 Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805 |
| Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) | Li Song|李誦 li3 song4 | 805 | Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805 |
| Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) | Li Chun|李純 li3 chun2 | 806-820 | Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820 |
| Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) | Li Heng|李恆 li3 heng2 | 821-824 | Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824 |
| Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) | Li Zhan|李湛 li3 zhan4 | 824-826 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826 |
| Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) | Li Ang|李昂 li3 ang2 | 826-840 | Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840 |
| Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) | Li Yan|李炎 li3 yan2 | 840-846 | Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846 |
| Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) | Li Chen|李忱 li3 chen2 | 846-859 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859 |
| Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) | Li Cui|李漼 li3 cui3 | 859-873 | Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873 |
| Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) | Li Xuan|李儇 li3 xuan1 | 873-888 | Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874 Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888 Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888 |
| Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) | Li Ye|李曄 li3 ye4 | 888-904 | Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889 Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904 |
| Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below | Li Zhu|李柷 li3 zhu4 | 904-907 | Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907 |
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| the Five Dynasties | ||||
| Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu[?] Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1 | 907-912 | Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912 |
| Did not exist | Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4 | Zhu[?] Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4 | 913-923 | Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-9115[?] Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923 |
| Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936 | ||||
| Zhuang Zong|莊宗 zhuang1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Cun Xu|李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4 | 923-926 | Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926 |
| Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Si Yuan|李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3 | 926-933 | Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930 Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933 |
| Did not exist | Min Di|節閔帝 min3 di4 | Li Cong Xu|李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4 | 933-934 | Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-9115[?] |
| Did not exist | Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4 | Li Cong Ke|李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1 | 934-936 | Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936 |
| Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947 | ||||
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Shi Jing Tang|石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2 | 936-942 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942 |
| Did not exist | Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 | Shi Chong Gui|石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4 | 942-947 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947 |
| Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 936-947 | ||||
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Liu Zhi Yuan|劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3 | 947-948 | Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948 |
| Did not exist | Yin Di|隱帝 yin3 di4 | Liu Cheng You|劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4 | 948-950 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950 |
| Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Guo Wei|郭威 guo1 wei1 | 951-954 | Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Chai Rong|柴榮 chai2 rong2 | 954-959 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959 |
| Did not exist | Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 | Chai Zong Xun|柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4 | 959-960 | Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960 |
| the Ten Kingdoms | ||||
| Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise | ||||
| Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Wu Su Wang|武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2 | Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2 | 904-932 | Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923 Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925 Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Wen Mu Wang|文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2 | Qian Yuan Quan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4 | 932-941 | Did not exist |
| Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1) | Zhong Xian Wang|忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2 | Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3 | 941-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Zhong Xun Wang|忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2 | Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1 | 947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4 | 947-978 | Did not exist |
| Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 | Wang Shen Zhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1 | 909-925 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Wang Yan Han|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4 | 925-926 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) | Wang Yan Jun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1 | 926-935 | Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935 |
| Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Ji Peng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2 | 935-939 | Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939 |
| Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Yan Xi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1 | 939-944 | Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944 |
| Did not exist | Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin) | Wang Yan Zheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4 | 943-945 | Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945 |
| Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963 | ||||
| Did not exist | Wu Xin Wang|武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2 | Gao Ji Xing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1 | 909-928 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Wen Xian Wang|文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2 | Gao Cong Hui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4 | 928-948 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Zhen Yi Wang|貞懿王 yi4 wang2 | Gao Bao Rong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2 | 948-960 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Shi Zhong|侍中 shi4 zhong1 | Gao Bao Xu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4 | 960-962 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Gao Ji Chong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1 | 962-963 | Did not exist |
| Chu Kingdom 897-951 | ||||
| Did not exist | Wu Mo Wang|武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2 | Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1 | 897-930 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Heng Yang Wang|衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2 | Ma Xi Sheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1 | 930-932 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Wen Zhao Wang|文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2 | Ma Xi Fan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4 | 932-947 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Fei Wang|廢王 fei4 wang2 | Ma Xi Guang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3 | 947-950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Gong Xiao Wang|恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2 | Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4 | 950 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Ma Xi Chong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2 | 950-951 | Did not exist |
| Wu Kingdom 904-937 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4 | Yang Xing Mi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4 | 904-905 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905 |
| Lie Zong|烈宗 lie4 zong1 | Jing Di|景帝 jing3 di4 | Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4 | 905-908 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908 |
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 | Yang Long Yan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3 | 908-921 | Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919 Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921 |
| Did not exist | Rui Di|睿帝 rui4 di4 | Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3 | 921-937 | Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927 Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929 Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935 Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937 |
| Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975 | ||||
| Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3. | ||||
| Xian Zhu|先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Bian|李(曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4 | 937-943 | Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943 |
| Zhong Zhu|中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3 | 943-961 | Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958 Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 | Li Yu|李煜 li3 yu4 | 961-975 | Did not exist |
| Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971 | ||||
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Tian Huang Da Di|天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 | Liu Yan|劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉(龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3 | 917-925 | Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925 Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928 Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941 |
| Did not exist | Shang Di|殤帝 shang1 di4 | Liu Fen|劉玢 liu3 fen1 | 941-943 | Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943 |
| Zhong Zong|中宗 zhong1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Liu Cheng|劉晟 liu3 cheng2 | 943-958 | Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943 Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Liu Chang|劉鋹 liu3 chang3 | 958-971 | Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971 |
| Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979 | ||||
| Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3 | Shen Wu Di|神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 | Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2 | 951-954 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954 |
| Rui Zong|睿宗 rui4 zong1 | Xiao He Di|孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 | Liu Cheng Jun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 | 954-970 | Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957 Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970 |
| Shao Zhu|少主 shao4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Liu Ji En|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 | 970 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 | Liu Ji Yuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 | 970-982 | Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982 |
| Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925 | ||||
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4 | 907-918 | Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915 Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916 Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917 Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3 | 918-925 | Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925 Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925 |
| Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965 | ||||
| Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Meng Zhi Xiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 | 934 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934 |
| Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 | Did not exist | Meng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3 | 938-965 | Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938 Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965 |
| Name of Posts | Personal Names | Period on post | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963 | ||||
| Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2 | 950-953 | ||
| Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2 | 953-956 | ||
| Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhou Xing Feng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2 | 956-962 | ||
| Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhou Bao Quan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2 | 962-963 | ||
| Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978 | ||||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 | Liu Cong Xiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4 | 945-962 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 | Liu Shao Zi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 | 962 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | Zhang Han Si|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1 | 962-963 | ||
| Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 | Chen Hong Jin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4 | 963-978 | ||
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tian Zuo Di who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu A Bao Ji|耶律阿保機 ye1 luu4 a1 bao3 ji1 | 907-926 | Shence (神冊 shen2 ce4) 916-922 Tianzan (天贊 tian1 zan4) 922-926 Tianxian (天顯 tian1 xian3) 926 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu De Guang|耶律德光 ye1 luu4 de2 guang1 | 926-947 | Tianxian (天顯 tian1 xian3) 927-938 Huitong (會同 hui4 tong2) 938-947 Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 947 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Ruan|耶律阮 ye1 luu4 ruan3 | 947-951 | Tianlu (天祿 tian1 lu4) 947-951 |
| Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Jing|耶律璟 ye1 luu4 jing3 | 951-969 | Yingli (應曆 ying4 li4) 951-969 |
| Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Xian|耶律賢 ye1 luu4 xian2 | 969-982 | Baoning (保寧 bao3 ning2) 969-979 Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 979-982 |
| Sheng Zong (聖宗 sheng4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Long Xu|耶律隆緒 ye1 luu4 long2 xu4 | 982-1031 | Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 982 Tonghe (統和 tong3 he2) 983-1012 Kaitai (開泰 kai1 tai4) 1012-1021 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 1021-1031 |
| Xing Zong (興宗 xing1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Zong Zhen|耶律宗真 ye1 luu4 zong1 zhen1 | 1031-1055 | Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 1031-1032 Chongxi (重熙 chong2 xi1) 1032-1055 |
| Dao Zong (道宗 dao4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Hong Ji|耶律洪基 ye1 luu4 hong2 ji1 | 1055-1101 | Qingning (清寧 qing1 ning2) 1055-1064 Xianyong (咸雍 xian2 yong1) 1065-1074 Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) or Dakang (大康 da4 kang1) 1075-1084 Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1085-1094 Shouchang (壽昌 shou4 chang1) or Shoulong (壽隆 shou4 long2) 1095-1101 |
| Did not exist | Tian Zuo Di (天祚帝 tian1 zuo4 di4) | Yeluu Yan Xi|耶律延禧 ye1 luu4 yan2 xi1 | 1101-1125 | Qiantong (乾統 qian2 tong3) 1101-1110 Tianqing (天慶 tian1 qing4) 1111-1120 Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 1121-1125 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Convention | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: check each sovereign | |||||
| De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) | Tian You Wu Lie Di|天祐武烈帝 tian1 you4 wu3 lie4 di4 | Yeluu Da Shi|耶律大石 ye1 luu4 da4 shi2 or Yeluu Da Shi|耶律達實 ye1 luu4 da2 shi2 | use personal name | 1124-1144 | Yanqing (延慶 yan2 qing4) 1124-1134 Kangguo (康國 kang1 guo2) 1134-1144 |
| Did not exist | Qian Tian Hou (感天后 gan3 tian1 hou4) | Ta Bu Yan|塔不煙 ta3 bu4 yan1 | "Xi Liao" + posthumous name | 1144-1150 | Xianqing (咸清 xian2 qing1) 1144-1150 |
| Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Yeluu Yi Lie|耶律夷列 ye1 luu4 yi2 lie4 | "Xi Liao" + temple name | 1150-1164 | Shaoxing (紹興 shao4 xing1) 1150-1164 |
| Did not exist | Cheng Tian Hou (承天后 cheng2 tian1 hou4) | Yeluu Pu Su Wan|耶律普速完 pu3 su4 wan2 | "Xi Liao" + posthumous name | 1164-1178 | Chongfu (崇福 chong2 fu2) 1164-1178 |
| Did not exist | Mo Zhu |末主 mo4 zhu3 or Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4 | Yeluu Zhi Lu Gu|耶律直魯古 ye1 luu4 zhi2 lu3 gu3 | use personal name | 1178-1211 | Tianxi (天禧 tian1 xi1) 1178-1211 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Qu Chu Luu|屈出律 qu1 chu1 luu4 | use personal name | 1211-1221 | Did not exist |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 song4 di4 bing3) | ||||
| Bei (Northern) Song dynasty 960- 1127 | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuang Yin|趙匡胤 zhao4 kuang1 yin4 | 960-976 | Jianlong (建隆 jian4 long2) 960-963 Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 963-968 Kaibao (開寶 kai1 bao3) 968-976 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuang Yi|趙匡義 zhao4 kuang1 yi4 or Zhao Guang Yi|趙光義 zhao4 guang1 yi4 | 976-997 | Taipingxingguo (太平興國 tai4 ping2 xing1 guo2) 976-984 Yongxi (雍熙 yong1 xi1) 984-987 Duangong (端拱 duan1 gong3) 988-989 Chunhua (淳化 chun2 hua4) 990-994 Zhidao (至道 zhi4 dao4) 995-997 |
| Zhen Zong (真宗 zhen1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Heng|趙恆 zhao4 heng2 | 997-1022 | Xianping (咸平 xian2 ping2) 998-1003 Jingde (景德 jing3 de2) 1004-1007 Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 da4 zhong1 xiang2 fu2) 1008-1016 Tianxi (天禧 tian1 xi1) 1017-1021 Qianxing (乾興 qian2 xing1) 1022 |
| Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Zhen|趙禎 zhao4 zhen1 | 1022-1063 | Tiansheng (天聖 tian1 sheng4) 1023-1032 Mingdao (明道ming2 dao4) 1032-1033 Jingyou (景祐 jing3 you4) 1034-1038 Baoyuan (寶元 bao3 yuan2) 1038-1040 Kangding (康定 kang1 ding4) 1040-1041 Qingli (慶曆 qing4 li4) 1041-1048 Huangyou (皇祐 huang2 you4) 1049-1054 Zhihe (至和 zhi4 he2) 1054-1056 Jiayou (嘉祐 jia1 you4) 1056-1063 |
| Ying Zong (英宗 ying1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shu|趙曙 zhao4 shu4 | 1063-1067 | Zhiping (治平 zhi4 ping2) 1064-1067 |
| Shen Zong (神宗 shen2 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu|趙頊 zhao4 xu1 | 1067-1085 | Xining (熙寧 xi1 ning2) 1068-1077 Yuanfeng (元豐 yuan2 feng1) 1078-1085 |
| Zhe Zong (哲宗 zhe2 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu|趙煦 zhao4 xu3 | 1085-1100 | Yuanyou (元祐 yuan2 you4) 1086-1094 Shaosheng (紹聖 shao4 sheng4) 1094-1098 Yuanfu (元符 yuan2 fu2) 1098-1100 |
| Hui Zong (徽宗 hui1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Ji|趙佶 zhao4 ji2 | 1100-1125 | Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 jian4 zhong1 jing4 guo2) 1101 Chongning (崇寧 chong2 ning2) 1102-1106 Daguan (大觀 da4 guan1) 1107-1110 Zhenghe (政和 zheng4 he2) 1111-1118 Chonghe (重和 chong2 he2) 1118-1119 Xuanhe (宣和 xuan1 he2) 1119-1125 |
| Qin Zong (欽宗 qin1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Huan|趙桓 zhao4 huan2 | 1125-1127 | Jingkang (靖康 jing4 kang1) 1126-1127 |
| Nan (Southern) Song dynasty 1127- 1279 | ||||
| Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Gou|趙構 zhao4 gou4 | 1127-1162 | Jianyan (靖炎 jing4 yan2) 1127-1130 Shaoxing (紹興 shao4 xing1) 1131-1162 |
| Xiao Zong (孝宗 xiao4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shen|趙慎 zhao4 shen4 | 1162-1189 | Longxing (隆興 long2 xing1) 1163-1164 Qiandao (乾道 qian2 dao4) 1165-1173 Chunxi (淳熙 chun2 xi1) 1174-1189 |
| Guang Zong (光宗 guang1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Dun|趙惇 zhao4 dun1 | 1189-1194 | Shaoxi (紹熙 chun2 xi1) 1190-1194 |
| Ning Zong (寧宗 ning2 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuo|趙擴 zhao4 kuo4 | 1194-1224 | Qingyuan (慶元 qing4 yuan2) 1195-1200 Jiakai (嘉泰 jia1 kai4) 1201-1204 Kaixi (開禧 kai1 xi1) 1205-1207 Jiading (嘉定 jia1 ding4) 1208-1224 |
| Li Zong (理宗 li3 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Yun|趙昀 zhao4 yun2 | 1224-1264 | Baoqing (寶慶 bao3 qing4) 1225-1227 Shaoding (紹定 shao4 ding4) 1228-1233 Duanping (端平 duan1 ping2) 1234-1236 Jiaxi (嘉熙 jia1 xi1) 1237-1240 Chunyou (淳祐 chun2 you4) 1241-1252 Baoyou (寶祐 bao3 you4) 1253-1258 Kaiqing (開慶 kai1 qing4) 1259 Jingding (景定 jing3 ding4) 1260-1264 |
| Du Zong (度宗 du4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Qi|趙祺 zhao4 qi2 | 1264-1274 | Xianchun (咸淳 xian2 chun2) 1265-1274 |
| did not exist | Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) | Zhao Xian|趙顯 zhao4 xian3 | 1274-1276 | Deyou (德祐 de2 you4) 1275-1276 |
| Duan Zong (端宗 duan1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shi|趙是 zhao4 shi4 | 1276-1278 | Jingyan (景炎 jing3 yan2) 1276-1278 |
| Did not exist | Di (帝 di4) or Wei Wang (衛王 wei4 wang2) | Zhao Bing|趙昺 zhao4 bing3 | 1278-1279 | Xiangxing (祥興 xiang2 xing1) 1278-1279 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Western Xia" + temple name | ||||
| Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) | Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) | Li Yuan Hao|李元昊 li3 yuan2 hao4 | 1032-1048 | Xiandao (顯道 xian3 dao4) 1032-1034 Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 1034 Guangping (廣平 guang3 ping2) 1035-1036 Daqing (大慶 da4 qing4) 1036-1038 Tianshoulifayanzuo (天授禮法延祚 tian1 shuo4 li3 fa3 yan2 zuo4) 1038-1048 |
| Yi Zong (毅宗 yi4 zong1) | Zhao Ying Di (昭英帝 zhao1 ying1 di4) | Li Liang Zuo|李諒祚 li3 liang4 zuo4 | 1048-1067 | Yansiningguo (延嗣寧國 yan2 si4 ning2 guo2) 1048-1049 Tianyousuisheng (天祐垂聖 tian1 you4 chui2 sheng4) 1050-1052 Fushengchengdao (福聖承道 fu2 sheng4 cheng2 dao4) 1053-1056 Chedu (奲都 che3 du1) 1036-1038 Gonghua (拱化 gong3 hua4) 1063-1067 |
| Hui Zong (惠宗 hui4 zong1) | Kang Jing Di (康靖帝 kang1 jing4 di4) | Li Bing Chang|李秉常 li3 bing3 chang2 | 1067-1086 | Qiandao (乾道 qian2 dao4) 1067-1069 Tiancilishengguoqing (天賜禮盛國慶 tian1 ci4 li3 sheng4 guo2 qing4) 1070-1074 Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1075-1085 Tiananliding (天安禮定 tian1 an1 li3 ding4) 1085-1086 |
| Chong Zong (崇宗 chong2 zong1) | Sheng Wen Di (聖文帝 sheng4 wen2 di4) | Li Qian Shun|李乾順 li3 qian2 shun4 | 1086-1139 | Tianyizhiping (天儀治平 tian1 yi2 shi4 ping2) 1086-1089 Tianyouminan (天祐民安 tian1 you4 min2 an1) 1090-1097 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 1098-1100 Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 1101-1113 Yong (雍寧 yong1 ning2) 1114-1118 Yuande (元德 yuan2 de2) 1119-1127 Zhengde (正德 zheng4 de2) 1127-1134 Dade (大德 da4 de2) 1135-1139 |
| Ren Zong (仁宗 ren2 zong1) | Sheng Zhen Di (聖禎帝 sheng4 zhen1 di4) | Li Ren Xiao|李仁孝 li3 ren2 xiao4 | 1139-1193 | Daqing (大慶 da4 qing4) 1139-1143 Renqing (人慶 ren2 qing4) 1144-1148 Tiancheng (天盛 tian1 sheng4) 1149-1170 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 1170-1193 |
| Huan Zong (桓宗 huan2 zong1) | Zhao Jian Di (昭簡帝 zhao1 jian3 di4) | Li Chun You|李純佑 li3 chun2 you4 | 1193-1206 | Tianqing (天慶 tian1 qing4) 1193-1206 |
| Xiang Zong (襄宗 xiang1 zong1) | Jing Wu Di (景武帝 jing3 wu3 di4) | Li An Quan|李安全 li3 an1 quan2 | 1206-1211 | Qingtian (慶天 qing4 tian1) 1206-1209 Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 1210-1211 |
| Shen Zong (神宗 shen2 zong1) | Ying Wen Di (英文帝 ying1 wen2 di4) | Li Zun Xu|李遵頊 li3 zun1 xu4 | 1211-1223 | Guangding (光定 guang1 ding4) 1211-1223 |
| Xian Zong (獻宗 xian4 zong1) | Did not exist | Li De Wang|李德旺 li3 de2 wang4 | 1223-1226 | Qianding (乾定 qian2 ding4) 1223-1226 |
| Did not exist | Mo Zhu |末主 mo4 zhu3 | Li Xian|李晛 li3 xian4 | 1226-1227 | Baoyi (寶義 bao3 yi4) 1226-1227 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan A Gu Da|完顏阿骨打 wan2 yan2 a1 gu2 da3 | 1115-1123 | Shouguo (收國 shou1 guo2) 1115-1116 Tianfu (天輔 tian1 fu3) 1117-1123 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan Wu Qi Mai|完顏吳乞買 wan2 yan2 wu2 qi3 mai3 or Wan-Yan (Sheng or Cheng)|完顏晟 wan2 yan2 (sheng4 or cheng2) | 1123-1134 | Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 1123-1134 |
| Xi Zong (熙宗 xi1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan He-La|完顏合剌 wan2 yan2 he2 la2 or Wan-Yan Dan|完顏亶 wan2 yan2 dan3 | 1135-1149 | Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 1135-1138 Tianjuan (天眷 tian1 juan4) 1138-1141 Huangtong (皇統 huang2 tong3) 1141-1149 |
| Did not exist | Hai Ling Wang|海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2 | Wan-Yan Liang|完顏亮 wan2 yan2 liang4 | 1149-1161 | Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 1149-1153 Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 1153-1156 Zhenglong (正隆 zheng4 long2) 1156-1161 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan Yong|完顏雍 wan2 yan2 yong1 | 1161-1189 | Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 1161-1189 |
| Zhang Zong (章宗 zhang1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan Jing|完顏璟 wan2 yan2 jing3 | 1190-1208 | Mingchang (明昌 ming2 chang1) 1190-1196 Chengan (承安 cheng2 an1) 1196-1200 Taihe (泰和 tai4 he2) 1200-1208 |
| Did not exist | Wei Shao Wang|衛紹王 wei4 shao4 wang2 or Wei Wang (衛王 wei4 wang2) | Wan-Yan Yong Ji|完顏永濟 wan2 yan2 yong3 ji4 | 1209-1213 | Daan (大安 da4 an1) 1209-1212 Chongqing (崇慶 chong2 qing4) 1212-1213 Zhining (至寧 zhi4 ning2) 1213 |
| Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan Xun|完顏珣 wan2 yan2 xun2 | 1213-1223 | Zhenyou (貞祐 zhen1 you4) 1213-1217 Xingding (興定 xing1 ding4) 1217-1222 Yuangunag (元光 yuan2 guang1) 1222-1223 |
| Ai Zong (哀宗 ai1 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Wan-Yan Shou Xu|完顏守緒 wan2 yan2 shou3 xu4 | 1224-1234 | Zhengda (正大 zheng4 da4) 1224-1232 Kaixing (開興 kai1 xing1) 1232 Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 1232-1234 |
| Did not exist | Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4) | Wan-Yan Cheng Lin|完顏承麟 wan2 yan2 cheng2 lin2 | 1234 | Did not exist |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Khan Names | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Genghis Khan | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temujin|孛兒只斤鐵木真 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 zhen1 | 1206-1227 | Did not exist |
| Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | ? | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Tolui|孛兒只斤拖雷 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 lei2 | 1228 | Did not exist |
| Tai Zong|太宗 tai4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ogedei Khan | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ogedei|孛兒只斤窩闊台 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 wo1 kuo4 tai2 | 1229-1241 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | ? | Töregene Khâtûn|乃馬真 nai3 ma3 zhen1 | regent 1241-1246 | Did not exist |
| Ding Zong|定宗 ding4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Güyük Khan | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Güyük|孛兒只斤貴由 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 gui4 yuo2 | 1246-1248 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | ? | Oghul Ghaymish|海米失 hai3 mi3 shi1 | regent 1248-1251 | Did not exist |
| Xian Zong|憲宗 xian4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Möngke Khan | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Möngke|孛兒只斤蒙哥 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 meng2 ge1 | 1251-1259 | Did not exist |
| Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Kublai Khan | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Kublai|孛兒只斤忽必烈 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hu1 bi4 lie4 | 1260-1294 | Zhongtong (中統 zhong1 tong3) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1264-1294 |
| Cheng Zong|成宗 cheng2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Temür Öljeytü Khân | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temür|孛兒只斤鐵木耳 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1295-1307 | Yuanzhen (元貞 yuan2 zhen1) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 da4 de2) 1297-1307 |
| Wu Zong|武宗 cheng2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Qayshan Gülük | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qayshan|孛兒只斤海山 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hai3 shan1 | 1308-1311 | Zhida (至大 zhi4 da4) 1308-1311 |
| Ren Zong|仁宗 ren2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ayurparibhadra | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayurparibhadra|孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 li2 ba2 li4 ba1 da2 | 1312-1320 | Huangqing (皇慶 huang2 qing4) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 yan2 you4) 1314-1320 |
| Ying Zong|英宗 ying1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Suddhipala Gege'en | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Suddhipala|孛兒只斤碩德八剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 shuo4 de2 ba1 la2 | 1321-1323 | Zhizhi (至治 zhi4 zhi4) 1321-1323 |
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝|yuan2 tai4 ding4 di4. | |||||
| Jin Zong|晉宗 jin4 zong1 | Tai Ding Di|泰定帝 tai4 ding4 di4 | Yesün-Temür | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Yesün-Temür|孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ye3 sun1 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1321-1328 | Taiding (泰定 tai4 ding4) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 zhi4 he2) 1328 |
| Did not exist | Tian Shun Di|天順帝 tian1 shun4 di4 | Arigaba | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Arigaba|孛兒只斤阿速吉八 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 a1 su4 ji2 ba1 | 1328 | Tianshun (天順 tian1 shun4) 1328 |
| Wen Zong|文宗 wen2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Jijaghatu Toq-Temür | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toq-Temür|孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tu2 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 | Tianli (天曆 tian1 li4) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1330-1332 |
| Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Qoshila Qutuqtu | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qoshila|孛兒只斤和世剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 he2 shi4 la4 | 1329 | Did not exist 1329 |
| Ning Zong|寧宗 ning2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Irinchibal | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Irinchibal|孛兒只斤懿璘質班 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 yi4 lin2 zhi2 ban1 | 1332 | Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1332 |
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1 | Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4 | Toghan-Temür | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Khan Names | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use khan names or personal names. | |||||
| Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia. | |||||
| Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name. | |||||
| Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1 (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) | Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4 | Toghan-Temür | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1333-1370 | Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370 |
| Zhao Zong|昭宗 zhao1 zong1 | Did not exist | Biliketu Khan? | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayushilidrala ? |孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 shi4 li3 da2 la4 | 1370-1378 | Xuanguang (宣光 xuan1 guang1) 1371-1378 |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | Usahar Khan? | Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Togus-Temür|孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 gu3 si1 tie3 mu4 er2 | 1378-1387 | Tianguang (天光 tian1 guang1) 1378-1387 |
| Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne.... | |||||
name transliteration form Mongolian:
Temür Öljeytü Khân (cheng)
Qayshan Gülük Hai-Shan (wu)
Ayurparibhadra Ayurbarwada (ren)
Suddhipala Gege'en Shidebala (ying)
Yesün-Temür (tai ding di)
Arigaba Aragibag (tian shun di)
Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (wen)
Qoshila Qutuqtu (ming2)
Rinchenpal Irinchibal (ning2)
Toghan-Temür (shun di)
? (zhao)
Togus-Temür (last with era name)
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use "Ming" + era names + "Di" or era names + "Di". For example, Ming Hong Wu Di|明洪武帝 ming2 hong2 wu3 di4. | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Yuan Zheng|朱元璋 zhu1 yuan2 zhang1 | 1368-1398 | Hongwu (洪武 hong2 wu3) 1368-1398 |
| Did not exist | Hui Di|惠帝 hui4 di4 | Zhu Yun Wen|朱允炆 zhu1 yun3 wen2 | 1399-1402 | Jianwen (建文 jian4 wen2) 1399-1402 |
| Cheng Zu|成祖 cheng2 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Di|朱棣 zhu1 di4 | 1403-1424 | Yongle 永樂 yong3 le4 1403-1424 |
| Ren Zong|仁宗 ren2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Gao Chi|朱高熾 zhu1 gao1 chi4 | 1425 | Hongxi|洪熙 hong2 xi1 1425 |
| Xuan Zong|宣宗 xuan1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Zhan Ji|朱瞻基 zhu1 zhan1 ji1 | 1426-1435 | Xuande|宣德 xuan1 de2 1426-1435 |
| Ying Zong|英宗 ying1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Qi Zhen|朱祁鎮 zhu1 qi2 zhen4 | 1436-1449 and 1457-1464 | Zhengtong|正統 zheng4 tong3 1436-1449 Tianshun|天順 tian1 shun4 1457-1464 |
| Note: Ying Zong is often referred to as Ming Zheng Tong Di|明正統帝 ming2 zheng4 tong3 di4 though his second era name was Tianshun. | ||||
| Dai Zong|代宗 dai4 zong1 | Jing Di|景帝 jing3 di4 | Zhu Qi Yu|朱祁鈺 zhu1 qi2 yu4 | 1450-1457 | Jingtai|景泰 jing3 tai4 1450-1457 |
| Xian Zong|憲宗 xian4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Jian Shen|朱見深 zhu1 jian4 shen1 | 1465-1487 | Chenghua|成化 cheng2 hua4 1465-1487 |
| Xiao Zong|孝宗 xiao4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu You Tang|朱祐樘 zhu1 you4 tang2 | 1488-1505 | Hongzhi|弘治 hong2 zhi4 1488-1505 |
| Wu Zong|武宗 wu3 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Hou Zhao|朱厚照 zhu1 hou4 zhao4 | 1506-1521 | Zhengde|正德 zheng4 de2 1506-1521 |
| Shi Zong|世宗 shi4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Hou Cong|朱厚熜 zhu1 hou4 cong1 | 1522-1566 | Jiajing|嘉靖 jia1 jing4 1522-1566 |
| Mu Zong|穆宗 mu4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Zai Gou|朱栽垢 zhu1 zai1 gou4 | 1567-1572 | Longqing|隆慶 long2 qing4 1567-1572 |
| Shen Zong|神宗 shen2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Yi Jun|朱翊鈞 zhu1 yi4 jun1 | 1573-1620 | Wanli|萬歷 wan4 li4 1573-1620 |
| Guang Zong|光宗 guang1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu Chang Luo|朱常洛 zhu1 chang2 luo4 | 1620 | Taichang|泰昌 tai4 chang1 1620 |
| Xi Zong|熹宗 xi1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu You Xiao|朱由校 zhu1 you2 xiao4 | 1621-1627 | Tianqi|天啟 tian1 qi3 1621-1627 |
| Si Zong|思宗 si1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhu You Jian|朱由檢 zhu1 you2 jian3 | 1628-1644 | Chongzhen|崇禎 chong2 zhen1 1628-1644 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: use "Nan (Southern) Ming" + era names or pothumous name. For example, Southern Ming Yong Li Di|南明永曆帝 nan2 ming2 yong3 li4 di4. | ||||
| ? | Fu Wang|福王 fu2 wang2 or ? 帝|? di4 | Zhu You Song|朱由崧 zhu1 you2 song1 | ? | ? |
| ? | Lu Wang|魯王 lu3 wang2 | Zhu Yi Hai|朱以海 zhu1 yi3 hai3 | ? | Did not exist |
| ? | Tang Wang|唐王 tang2 wang2 or ? 帝|? di4 | Zhu Yu Jian|朱聿鍵 zhu1 yu4 jian4 | ? | ? |
| ? | Tang Wang|唐王 tang2 wang2 or ? 帝|? di4 | Zhu Yu Ming|朱聿銘 zhu1 yu4 ming2 | ? | ? |
| Did not exit | Gui Wang|桂王 gui4 wang2 | Zhu You Lang|朱由榔 zhu1 you2 lang2 | ? | Yongli|永曆 yong3 li4 |
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All first names in bold. | ||||
| Convention: use "Qing" + era names + Di or era names + Di except the first two. For example, Emperor Kangxi (Kangxi Di)|康熙帝 kang1 xi1 di4. | ||||
| Convention: for this sovereign only use Hou Jin Tai Zu|後金太祖 hou4 jin1 tai4 zu3 or first name. | ||||
| Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Nu-er-ha-chi|愛新覺羅努爾哈赤 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 nu3 er3 ha1 chi4 | 1616-1626 | Tianming (天命 tian1 ming4) 1616-1626 |
| Convention: for this sovereign only use Qing Tai Zong|清太宗 qing1 tai4 zong1 or first name. | ||||
| Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Huang-tai-ji|愛新覺羅皇太極 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 huang2 tai4 ji2 | 1627-1643 | Tiancong (天聰 tian1 cong1) 1627-1636 Chongde|崇德 chong2 de2 1636-1643 |
| Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Fu-lin|愛新覺羅福臨 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 fu2 lin2 | 1644-1661 | Shunzhi (順治 shun4 zhi4) 1644-1661 |
| Sheng Zu|聖祖 sheng4 zu3 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Xuan-ye|愛新覺羅玄燁 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 xuan2 ye4 | 1662-1722 | Kangxi (康熙 kang1 xi1) 1662-1722 |
| Shi Zong|世宗 shi4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Yin-zhen|愛新覺羅胤禛 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 yin4 zhen1 | 1723-1735 | Yongzheng (雍正 yong1 zheng4) 1723-1735 |
| Gao Zong|高宗 gao1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Hong-li|愛新覺羅弘曆 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 hong2 li4 | 1736-1795 | Qianlong (乾隆 qian2 long2) 1736-1795 |
| Ren Zong|仁宗 ren2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Yong-yan|愛新覺羅顒琰 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 yong2 yan3 | 1796-1820 | Jiaqing (嘉慶 jia1 qing4) 1796-1820 |
| Xuan Zong|宣宗 xuan1 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Min-ning|愛新覺羅旻寧 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 min2 ning2 | 1821-1850 | Daoguang (道光 dao4 guang1) 1821-1850 |
| Wen Zong|文宗 wen2 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Yi-zhu|愛新覺羅奕(言 replace 貝 in 貯) ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 yi4 zhu3 | 1851-1861 | Xianfeng (咸豐 xian2 feng1) 1851-1861 |
| Mu Zong|穆宗 mu4 zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Zai-chun|愛新覺羅載淳 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 zai4 chun2 | 1862-1874 | Tongzhi (同治 tong2 zhi4) 1862-1874 |
| De Zong|德宗 de zong1 | Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign | Ai-xin-jue-luo Zai-tian|愛新覺羅載湉 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 zai4 tian2 | 1875-1908 | Guangshui (光緒 guang1 xu4) 1875-1908 |
| Convention: for this sovereign only use Xuantong Emperor (宣統帝 xuan1 tong3 di4) or personal name. | ||||
| Did not exist | Mo Di|末帝 mo4 di4 | Ai-xin-jue-luo Pu-yi 愛新覺羅溥儀 ai4 xin1 jue2 luo2 pu3 yi2 | 1909-1911 | Xuantong (宣統 xuan1 tong3) 1909-1911 |
| Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All first names in bold. | ||||
| Hong Xiu-quan|洪秀全 hong2 xiu4 quan2 | ? | ? |
||
| Hong Tian-gui-fu|洪天貴福 hong2 tian1 gui4 fu2 | ? | ? |
||
| Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All first names in bold. | ||||
| Yuan Shi-Kai袁世凱 yuan2 shi4 kai3 | 1916 | Hongxian (洪憲 hong2 xian4) 1916 |
||
See also:
- Chinese History -- Timeline of Chinese history -- Chinese Historiography -- List of reference tables
- Huns -- Wu Hu -- Mongols
- Xia dynasty -- Shang dynasty -- Zhou dynasty -- Qin dynasty -- Han dynasty -- Three Kingdoms -- Jin Dynasty (265-420) -- Sixteen Kingdoms -- Southern and Northern dynasties -- Northern Wei dynasty -- Sui dynasty -- Tang Dynasty -- Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) -- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period -- Song Dynasty -- Liao Dynasty -- Western Xia --Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) -- Yuan Dynasty -- Ming Dynasty -- Qing Dynasty
All Wikipedia text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
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