List of extinct countries, empires, etc.

In the past, many states, countries or territories have been in existence. This page attempts to list them, grouped into a number of categories.

See also: list of countries

Table of contents 1 Ancient Civilizations 2 Medieval Civilisations 3 Ancient American Civilisations 4 Former Colonies 5 Secessionist states 6 Dissolved countries 7 Renamed countries 8 "Independent" Homelands of South Africa 9 Countries now part of other countries 10 To be classified

Ancient Civilizations Territories that disappeared in ancient history.

• Adiabene[?]
• Akkad
• Empire of Alexander the Great
• Assyria
• Babylonia
• Carthage
• Chaldea
• Commagene
• Dacia
• Egyptian Empire
• Hellenic city-states (Athens, Sparta, Syracuse, etc)
• Hittites
• Hurrians
• Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappa, Mohenjo Daro in present Pakistan) South Asia
• Kingdom of Israel
• Kingdom of Judah
• Persian Empire
• Pontus
• Roman Republic, Roman Empire
• Scythia
• Sumer
• Urartu

Medieval Civilisations

• Byzantine Empire
• Frankish Kingdom
• British Kingdoms[?] -- Wessex, Essex, Kent, Media, Sussex
• Hanseatic League -- neither a country nor an empire
• Holy Roman Empire
  • List of Reichstag participants (1792)
• Khazar Empire
• Kievan Rus
• States in Medieval Britain
• Mongol Empire
• Naples Kingdom[?]
• Ottoman Empire
• Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth[?]
• Spanish States[?] -- Aragon, Castille, Leon
• Republic of Venice[?]

Ancient American Civilisations

• Anasazi
• Aztec Empire
• Incan Empire
• Iroquois Confederation
• Mayan Empire

Former Colonies These were all colonies, most of which were renamed after their independence.

• Afars and Issas[?] - French territory between 1967 and 1977, called French Somaliland[?] before that. Became independent as Djibouti.
• Basutoland - Since 1868 a British protectorate, later colony (governed from South Africa). Became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
• Bechuanaland - Since 1884 a British protectorate, later colony (governed from South Africa). Became independent as Botswana in 1966.
• Belgian Congo - Belgian colony from 1908 until 1960, when the it became independent as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• British Guiana - became Guyana
• British Honduras - became Belize
• Congo Free State - Name of the state owned from 1884 by King Leopold II of Belgium, later mostly annexed by his country in 1908, then known as Belgian Congo.
• Dahomey - This African kingdom was acquired by France. In 1904, it was made part of the French West African[?] federation. It became independent in 1960, changing its name in 1975 to Benin.
• Danish West Indies - Danish colony, sold in 1917 to the United States. Now known as the United States Virgin Islands.
• French Equatorial Africa - A French federation of colonies, formed in 1910, containing the colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo, Chad and Ubangi-Shari[?]. The territories became autonomous parts of France in 1958, and the federation was dissolved.
• French Somaliland[?] - became Afars and Issas[?] then independent Djibouti
• French Sudan[?] - A French colony, part of the French West African[?] federation since 1904. In 1959 it formed the independent Mali Federation[?] together with Senegal, which fell apart in 1960, after which the country was renamed Mali.
• French West Africa[?] - dissolved into Mali, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta, Niger, Guinea, Dahomey, and Togo
• German East Africa - became Tanganyika, now in Tanzania
• German South-West Africa - A German colony from 1884 to 1915, after which it became South African held territory until 1990, when the country became independent as Namibia.
• Gold Coast - A British colony since 1874, it became independent as Ghana in 1957.
• Indo-China - French territory until 1949. Became independent as Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
• Italian East Africa - Italian colonies of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland[?] together with occupied Ethiopia.
• Italian North Africa[?] - became Libya
• Middle Congo - A French colony, previously named French Congo[?], became independent as the Republic of the Congo in 1960.
• Netherlands East Indies - A Dutch colony, officially since 1799, up to then controlled by the Dutch East India Company. Became independent as Indonesia in 1949.
• Netherlands Guiana[?] - became Suriname
• Netherlands New Guinea - adjacent to the Netherlands East Indies until 1949, became part of Indonesia in 1969 as Irian Jaya.
• New France was conquered by Britain; various parts of it later became part of Canada and the United States.
• New Hebrides - Condominium until 1980. Became independent as Vanuatu.
• Northern Rhodesia[?] - became Zambia in 1964.
• Nyasaland - British protectorate, previously called British Central Africa[?], it was renamed Nyasaland in 1907. It became part of a federation with Rhodesia in 1953, and became independent as Malawi in 1964.
• Oubangui-Chari[?] - became Central African Republic
• Panama Canal Zone[?] - US territory until 1979. Became part of Panama.
• Portuguese East Africa - became Mozambique
• Portuguese Guinea[?] - became Guinea-Bissau
• Portuguese India[?] - became part of India
• Portuguese Timor - The eastern side of the island of Timor was a Portuguese colony until 1975, when independence was declared as East Timor. Indonesian troops seized the country, but the country was finally declared independent in 2002.
• Portuguese West Africa - became Angola
• Rhodesia - name for Southern Rhodesia[?] (now Zimbabwe) while unilaterally claiming independence, 1965-1979.
• Rio Muni[?] - Former Spanish colony, then part of territory of Spanish Guinea[?] until 1968. Became independent as Equatorial Guinea.
• Ruanda-Urundi[?] - UN Trusteeship until 1962. Became independent as Burundi and Rwanda.
• South Arabia[?] - Federation until 1967, consisting of British colony of Aden and numerous protectorates. Became independent as People's Republic of Southern Yemen[?] (from 1970 People's Democratic Republic of Yemen).
• South-West Africa - In 1915, South Africa occupied the German colony of South-West Africa, which it held under mandate until 1922, after which they remained ruling the territory until its independence in 1990 as Namibia.
• Southern Rhodesia[?] - British colony, unilaterally declared itself independent as Rhodesia in 1965, renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia[?] 1979, then gained international recognition as Zimbabwe 1980.
• Spanish Guinea[?] - became Equatorial Guinea. Consisted of two former colonies of Rio Muni[?] and Fernando Po.
• Spanish Sahara[?] - now generally known as Western Sahara, but claimed by and divided between Morocco and Mauritania in 1976, later entirely by Morocco.
• The Straits Settlements - British colony until 1946. Became independent as Malaya and Singapore.
• Tanganyika - British territory until 1961. From then independent until 1964, when it became part of Tanzania.
• The colonies of Vancouver Island, New Caledonia, Upper Canada and Lower Canada (later, the Province of Canada), Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories and Newfoundland spent much time reorganizing themselves into various patterns; they all eventually became part of Canada.

Secessionist states These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve permanent independence and were re-incorporated.

• Biafra - Declared independence of Nigeria in 1967. Defeated and reincorporated in 1970.
• Confederate States of America - Declared its independence from the United States in 1861, incorporated again in 1865.
• Katanga - Declared its independence of the newly formed Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again in 1963.
• Republic of Rio Grande[?] declared independence in 1840, brought back into Mexico by force less than a year later, encompassed the land of the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and parts of the USA state of Texas.

Dissolved countries These states were dissolved into a number of countries.

• Austria-Hungary - This double monarchy was formed in 1867 from the Habsburg empire, having an Austrian and a Hungarian part. In 1918, the empire was split into Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Yugoslavia.
• Czechoslovakia - State created from parts of Austria-Hungary, which dissolved after World War I. In 1993, the country was split into two parts, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
• West Indies Federation - Federal state created by Britain in 1952 that simultaniously granted independence to all former British colonies in the Caribbean. The federation collapsed after Jamaica voted to separate.
• Mali Federation[?] - In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan[?], both parts of French West Africa[?], as an independent nation. It fell apart in 1960 into Senegal and Mali.
• Soviet Union or USSR - Formed after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1918, made up of several republics which have since become independent as Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Russia.
• United Arab Republic - A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958 was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971.
• United Provinces of Central America also known as United States of Central America-- independent 1823; fell apart into separate states in civil war 1838-1840.
• Yugoslavia - Though the name has been used until recently by Serbia and Montenegro, the country fell apart when Slovenia, Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia-Herzegovina seceded in the 1990s.

Renamed countries These countries changed their names.

• Burma - Name of Myanmar until 1989.
• Cambodia - from 1949 until 1975, when its name was changed in the Khmer Republic. From 1980 until 1989 the country was known as Kampuchea, then it reverted to Cambodia again.
• Central African Empire - temporary phase (1977 - 1979) in the existence of the Central African Republic.
• Ceylon - Name of Sri Lanka until 1972.
• Ivory Coast - became Côte d'Ivoire in 1985, the French name being used in all languages thereafter
• Persia - Name of Iran until 1935.
• Republic of the Congo - Name of Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1966.
• Siam - Name of Thailand until 1938.
• Upper Volta - Name of Burkina Faso until 1984.
• Zaire - Name of Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 1997.

"Independent" Homelands of South Africa These homelands, for black people, were granted "independence" from South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, they were officially re-incorporated in 1994.

• Bophuthatswana - Made "independent" in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
• Ciskei[?] - Made "independent" in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
• Transkei - Made "independent" in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
• Venda[?] - Made "independent" in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.

Countries now part of other countries These nations, once separate, are now part of another country.

• British Somaliland - became part of Somalia, but has since asserted its independence as the Somaliland republic.
• Chan Santa Cruz[?] Maya state in eastern Yucatan peninsula, recognized as independent nation by British Empire in 1840s; now part of Mexico.
• Dalmatia - Having been part of many empires, the area became part of Yugoslavia after World War I, and now in Croatia.
• East Germany - Joined West Germany in 1990 to form re-unified Germany again.
• Etruria - Ancient country near Rome.
• Fiume[?] - Now known as Rijeka[?] in Croatia, this city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia after World War I. Being briefly independent, the city was captured by Italy, but passed to Yugoslavia after World War II.
• The Kingdom of Hawaii was unified in 1810 under Kamehameha I, and was recognized by the United States as an independent nation from 1826 until January 17, 1893. Following the overthrow of the monarchy it existed as the independent Republic of Hawaii until annexation by the United States in 1898.
• Ifni - A Spanish possession until 1969, when it was ceded to and incorporated in Morocco.
• Indian Princely States
• Italian Somaliland[?] - Became part of Somalia.
• Kalat - Became part of Pakistan.
• Kongo - African kingdom, divided between the colonial powers in 1885 at the Conference of Berlin. Now part of Angola (incl. Cabinda), Republic of the Congo, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
• Manchuria - Japanese puppet state until 1945. Became part of China.
• Moresnet - A tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium.
• Prussia - Prussia was the most powerful of the German states when the German Empire was formed in 1871, as the Prussian King was declared the German Emperor. The State of Prussia was abolished by the Allied Control Council in 1947, following World War II.
• Republic of Texas - After becoming independent of Mexico in 1836, Texas sought annexation by the United States, which occurred in 1845.
• Tuva (also known as Tannu Tuva) - now part of Russia after the dissolution of the USSR
• Tibet - Semi-independent from China from 1912 to 1950, when it was made an autonomous region within China.
• Transylvania - Semi-independent before becoming part of Austria-Hungary. Became part of Romania after World War I.
• Vermont - Republic of Vermont existed from 1777 until 1791, when it became the 14th state of the United States.
• Wallachia - United with Moldova to form Romania in 1859.
• West Germany - Joined by East Germany in 1990 to form Germany again.
• Republic of Yucatan became part of Mexico
• Zanzibar - Zanzibar merged in 1964 with Tanganyika to become Tanzania.

To be classified These should probably be included in one of the above categories - to be done.

• Korea (semi)independent kingdom as part of China, later part of the Japanese Empire.
• Java (island)
• Magadhan Empire
• Majapahit Empire
• Tang China
• Tavolara island, (now in Sardinia), smallest kingdom in the world
• Hong Kong
• Taiwan