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User:Ktsquare/Sandbox
The Chinese historians' definition of "Five barbarian tribes' invasion to China" (五胡亂華) never included Tartars, Mongols and Turkics. hu2 was a collective noun for non-Chinese tribes in China. di2 specified to those lively in Northern China, as in the famous term: rong2 yi2 man2 di2 which depicted all non-Chinese tribes living around China. Note that all four characters rong2 yi2 man2 di2 were all collective nouns for non-Chinese tribes. They are not names of individual tribes.
"In the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, five northern tribes, including Tartars, Mongols, Turkics invaded and occupied North China. These tribes are catagorically labelled hu2 di2...."
hu2 di2 means non-Chinese tribes living in Northern China. The composition of Tartars and Mongols and Turkics etc., in hu2 di2 is pretty arbitrary, and cannot be supported by historical evidence. If one wants to refer to those five non-Chinese tribes who "invaded" China, it is better to use the term Wu Hu.
The term "Mongols (and hence its adjective Mongolian)" was abused mostly by western historians since the ravage of Europe in 13th century by Mongols led by grandson of Genghis Khan was so destructive. Any group of herdsmen that had resided on modern Mongolian steppes were referrred as Mongolian, regardless to when they appeared in history. This terminolgy is certainly wrong.
Similar scenerio occurred when some of the past Chinese historiographers and historians depicted "Hu" as the equivalence of "Xiongnu" or Huns. This terminology is outdated and no longer used by current history researchers. As noted above, "Hu" is a collective noun. This should be kept in mind when one comes across any old or traditional Chinese historical text.
The earliest reference in Chinese sources to a people called the Xiongnu (Hiung-nu) goes back to early 12th century BC , in writings about the campaign by King Wuding (武丁 wu3 ding1) of the Shang Dynasty against the Gui Fang 鬼方 (gui3 fang1) tribe, which is regarded as another name of the Huns. This account is supported by some vague archeological sources but has yet to be proven. Bronze incriptions and oracle turtle-back bones on polytheistic worship prove the historical existence of the campaign but the Gui Fang may not be Huns.
Many scholars believe that the Xiongnu and Huns were the same group of people because of similar descriptions of their appearance and living habits. (more input here....) Other scholars argue that their appearance and habits can also be found in other tribes residing on the Mongolian steppes, rather than being identified as characteristics of the Xiongnu and Huns. Nevertheless all agree that the two peoples shared aspects that are more than a coincidence.
The Cumene process is the industrial process of producing phenol and acetone.
This process illustrates chemical engineering at its best. It involves converting two relatively cheap starting material, benzene and propene[?] into two more valuable ones, phenol and acetone. Other reactants required are oxygen from air and small amount of a radical initiator. Most of the worldwide prdocution of phenol and acetone is now based on this method.
<line spacing="+1">The synthesis starts off with the Friedel-Crafts[?] Alkylation[?] of benzene with propene in presence of a Lewis acid at around 150oC to 300oC. Phosphoric acid is often favored over aluminum halides because it is homogenous[?] with the reactants.</spacing>
C6H6 + H2C=CHCH3 ----> C6H5-C(CH3)2
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Gansu is a province in the north west of the People's Republic of China that extends from the Mongolian border in the north to the geographic centre of China in the south. It provides a vital link between the upper Huang Ho (Yellow River) area in the east and Chinese Turkistan in the west.
Brief History Gansu has a long history of international trade and transport because of its geographic link between east and west. The 2000-year-old Silk Road, the main trading route between China and Europe, passes through Gansu and many of the province's cities have grown up along it. The largest of these cities, Lanzhou, is now the provincial capital.
The province has a remarkable history even by Chinese standards. Cultural artefacts like painted clay pots dating back over 6000 years have been found in the province.
Gansu also boasts one of the largest Tibetan lamaseries in China, with its own university. The province has many fascinating Buddhist temples carved into cliffs. Between the temples are narrow tunnels, which the Buddhist monks used to get from one to another.
Gansu Province Today Gansu occupies a huge area that incorporates many different climatic geographic regions, from well irrigated lowland plains to dry alpine regions. This diversity makes it possible for an equally wide range of crops to be produced: wheat, rice, cotton, tea, tobacco and fruit to name a few.
The province is also famous for its large tracts of pastoral land where both sheep and cattle are grazed. Gansu's high country is well suited to fine wool production and this industry is currently being developed.
Gansu is also a leading producer of petro-chemicals and machinery for the petro-chemical industry, electronic goods and textiles.
The Sister City link with Christchurch The Christchurch/Gansu friendly relationship was formally established in 1984.
The Sister City relationship came about at the request of Rewi Alley, a Cantabrian who moved to China in 1927. He spent the rest of his life there helping the Chinese people improve their standard of living. By the time of his death in 1987, Rewi Alley was considered one of the five most revered Westerners by the Chinese people.
Activities:
Christchurch and Gansu share tourism and cultural visits Visits by senior Chinese leaders in honour of Rewi Alley Exchange of trade delegations Two Canterbury primary schools and two high schools have formed sister school relationships with Gansu schools. A student exchange has been developed. The Christchurch Polytechnic also has a link with the Bailie Oil School, with an annual exchange
Throughout most of its history Gansu has been an important strategic outpost and communications link for the Chinese empire. Its frequent earthquakes, droughts and famines have tended to slow its economic progress, until recently when based on its abundant mineral resources it has begun developing into a vital industrial center.
Pingliang county is located in the east part of Gansu province, which belong to Jing river of Liupan mountain. “occupying centrum of Gansu and Shanxi province, guarding throat of west Liangzhou”, it always was a strategic stronghold. Far off 500 or 600 thousands years ago, there were human footmark in Pingliang. In town churchyard 318 discoverable Yangshao and Qi Family ashes shows that pingliang had became human ecesis section in New Stone Age.
“Pingliang” the name began from Chinese history sixteen state period or South and North dynasty.
As town of military importance in east of Gansu province, Pingliang has centuries-old history and old civilization. Recording from history, “chicken head” mountain is the another name of Kongdong mountain.
Pingliang was ever a great horse field in history. Horse was important weapon in ancient war. The war horse was attached importance to in every dynasty. After Qing dynasty big scale raising horses fields were all setted up by official. Most records in History show that “Pingliang was horse jail in Tang dynasty”. In Ming dynasty Pingliang the historical herding horses land was pay attation to again.
Whatever in ancient or today, Pingliang all was a strategic stronghold. Since Qing and Han dynasty, Pingliang all along was regard as “town of military importance”. T’ang era well-known “Pingliang meeting and alliance” betided here. In Yuan, Ming, and Qing era farmer uprising were one after another. In the period of the Republic of China famous “Pingliang mutiny” took place here. Liberating eve Peng Dehuai the chief of staff of northwest field army led No.19 corps advance to west and straight force to Pingliang. Kuomintang army Ma Jiming and Ma Hongkui feared and fleed to west. Pingliang luckily gained liberated in peace.
Pingliang City located in northwest of China, it not only has north rusticity, but also has austral heartthrob. From city outer Kundong mountain to East Lake pagoda, it is endless long poem. Kundong mountain named also “chicken head mountain”, many history books have this recordation. It was one of the earliest placename appeared in history books. In folklore, due to many caves in mountain and Guang Chengzi practiced Buddhism or Taoism here, the name got from the meaning of Tao Family was hollow, clear, whisht, and nature. Kundong mountain has the reputation of “mountain scene is the most beautiful under the sun”.
Today five majuscule “emperor asking Tao place” engraved on mountain stone. In the Ming dynasty Wanli period, Han King protracted blueprint of refitting Kundong mountain after wandering Wudang mountain. According to the place name of Wudang mountain temple which made up of 9 palaces and 12 yards were built. In 1984, it was ranked as “province level view key point of interest”. Whenever the lunar calendar Apr. 8, there are endless tourist. Now highroad is unimpeded, and water and electricity are all ready. Under the mountain Kundong reservoir just like “calm lake on high gorge”, it really is “wonderful scape in northwest”.
Kawashima Yoshiko (1906-October 22, 1947) (川岛芳子) was a Japanese spy of Manchurian origin. The Chinese-born Macnhurian princess was corrupted early by the Japanese, adopted their code of conquest and used her wits and her body to take vengeance on the land of her birth. Perhaps more than any other single person in the Orient, Kawashima Yoshiko was directly instrumental in starting the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Born in Beijing, she was given the name Eastern Jewel (東珍). Her father was Prince Xu, the Manchurian monarch of Inner Mongolia who claimed descendancy from Emperor Nurhachi who founded the Qing dynasty in 1616. Numerous Japanese advisers bullied their way into positions of consultants. These were military men who planned on the eventual conquest of China, as the princes well knew. They feared these swaggering officers because of their recent victory over mighty Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. From that time on, Japanese envoys to Chinese courts were tolerated and shown pointed respect out of abject fear. Sarah Siggon[?]
Prince Xu's Japanese adviser was Kawashima Naniwa[?] who had eyed the pretty Eastern Jewel since her birth in 1906. He had asked Xu for raising the child as his own, a request that was routinely granted in 1914, simply because her father was not concerned much about losing the 14th child out of a group of children. She was taken to Japan where her name was changed to Yoshiko Kawashima. She was then sent to primary school and taught judo and fencing.
Death claimed Prince Xu in 1921 in Port Arthur (today Lushun[?]). His wife, told that she had no official status once her husband had died, committed suicide. When told of these events, Yoshiko merely shrugged. She was indifferent to her Chinese heritage, in fact, had been taught by her Japanese masters, to hate the land of her birth. By then she had given her heart, soul and body to Japan.
Yoshiko later bragged about how at the age of fifteen, she had been raped by her adoptive Japanese grandfather and father, and had had, at her adoptive father's insistence, several affairs with Japanese officers. She also later told the old story of unrequited love, that a young Japanese officer named Yamaga, for whom she had deep affection, had rejected her. She, in turn, having a large dowry, revenged herself by taking countless lovers (if that can be called revenge).
By 1927, the Japanese military family ruling Yoshiko ordered the 19-year-old girl to marry the son of a Mongol prince, a rather nondescript youth named Kanjurjab. Through this marriage, the Japanese would have another foothold inside Mongolia, a land also coveted by Japan. The couple married in Port Arthur but the marriage lasted only four months.
Yoshiko had had enough of married life and, in 1928, she deserted her husband and left Mongolia, traveling to the teeming Chinese coastal towns, before returning to Tokyo to live in the Chinese student quarter where she called herself Yang Kuei Fei[?], the name of a Chinese imperial concubine of Emperor Xuan Zong of Tang China who, like Helen of Troy, brought about the ruination of an empire. Here she seduced and abandoned several lovers, then inveigled a member of the Japanese Diet to take her to Shanghai.
When Yoshiko had milked this gullible old man of all his funds, she left him, looking for another rich lover. The scheming dragon lady had little trouble attracting just such a person. He was a barrel-chested Japanese officer, Major Tanaka Ryukichi Tanaka[?]. He had an enormous head and sported a thick, flowing black mustache. He was rich and exercised considerable power as chief of the Special Service Organ[?], the Japanese intelligence service in Shanghai. Yoshiko attended a party in Shanghai, dressed in her usual garb—riding breeches, shiny, black knee-high boots, military jacket and riding crop. She flicked the crop at Tanaka and he silently followed her into a back room where, without a word, she attempted to make love to him.
Tanaka drew back, insisted upon knowing who she was. When Eastern Jewel outlined her background, the spymaster shook his head. He could not have sex with a Manchu princess, he said apologetically. He was a mere line officer in the Japanese army and she was socially above him. Eastern Jewel laughed and departed. She called at Tanaka's office a short time later, however, continuing to pursue him. They both had one thing in common, she pointed out, a fetish for boots. The spymaster let down his military guard and Eastern Jewel seduced him. She had been right about the boots. According to one report, Tanaka "loved to wear high black boots and she insisted that he wear them always. The boots scuffed the polish of the brightest dance floors of Shanghai, and ended each evening dangling over the end of a bed." Not just "a bed," but Eastern Jewel's bed.
Tanaka not only took Eastern Jewel regularly to his bed, but he enrolled her into his spy service. By putting her on the payroll of the Special Service Organ, he was simply obtaining enough money to keep his mistress in high style. When he learned of her total devotion to Japan, he decided to make her one of his legitimate agents. He sent her to a special school to learn English, that Tanaka felt would prove an asset in her espionage work.
In 1931, Tanaka received orders to create disturbances in Shanghai to allow an incursion of Japanese troops into the city. To that end, Tanaka gave Eastern Jewel about $10,000 in American currency, instructing her to hire Chinese thugs to attack Japanese businesses. A short time later, the agent provocateur accomplished her assignment. Dozens of Chinese street gangsters, using a list of businesses and homes owned by Japanese residents in Shanghai provided by Eastern Jewel, barged into offices and houses, brutally beating the inhabitants and destroying everything in sight.
As planned by Tanaka and his superiors, which included Emperor Hirohito, the grand architect of World War II (General Hidaki Tojo and other military officers were merely scapegoats), the abuse of Japanese businesses and residents by Chinese gangsters provoked a Japanese invasion force, conveniently offshore, to land thousands of troops. These Japanese troops ostensibly went to the rescue of their own people in the Japanese enclave but were merely an excuse to take over the city. World leaders, however, quickly saw through the primitive ploy and demanded the Japan withdraw its troops, which it reluctantly did.
By then Eastern Jewel had drawn a new assignment from her Japanese spymasters. Tanaka received specific orders from his superior in the north, Colonel Kenji Doihara (later executed as a war criminal) to send his mistress to Tientsin where she was to convince her relative, the deposed boy emperor, Henry Pu-Yi to move to Mukden where Doihara and his Japanese bosses would install him as their puppet to support their takeover of Manchuria. Eastern Jewel flew immediately to Tientsin where she moved into the small villa housing Pu-Yi.
Henry Pu-Yi was ripe for Japanese picking. As the last of the Manchu emperors, he longed for the ancient splendors and authority of the old palaces and courts. He felt resentful at his being shunted aside by the new republic established by Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek. He knew that the Japanese were using him but he also knew that without his Japanese sponsors, he would have no status at all. When Eastern Jewel arrived, she immediately warned Pu-Yi that his life was in danger, and, unless he move to Mukden, where he could assume the throne of China with the help of his good Japanese friends, he would undoubtedly be assassinated.
Pu-Yi did not believe her and told her that Mukden was a primitive little town with no nightlife or excitement. He could never move to such a dreary place. (He did not mention the fact that though he paid respect to his Japanese sponsors, he greatly feared them, and believed that once he moved to Mukden he would be in their complete control.)
Undaunted, Eastern Jewel resorted to more terrifying ploys. She placed poisonous snakes in the emperor's bed and "discovered these horrid reptiles" herself, just as she was undressing, preparing to tryst with Pu-Yi, for she had often had sex with the lascivious boy-emperor in the past. When the snakes did not provoke a decision, a more potent threat appeared. A basket of fruit was sent to Pu-Yi from an anonymous friend. Eastern Jewel was the first to partake, discovering (as she knew she would) two bombs hidden beneath the bananas and apples.
Pu-Yi went white-faced, calling for his Japanese guards. They rushed in on cue, led by one of his court officers, a Japanese captain who was a member of Doihara's Special Service Organ. Making much show of removing the bombs, the captain later returned to tell the now terrified Pu-Yi that the bombs had been examined by experts at the Japanese enclave in Tientsin and they had reported that the bombs had been made at the arsenal of Chang Hsueh-liang, warlord of Manchuria and arch foe of Henry Pu-Yi.
Still the boy-emperor hesitated, frustrating the plans of Kenji Doihara and associates who were on the verge of creating an "incident" in Manchuria, the fake sabotage of the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway Company. Before this plan could be put into action, Doihara wanted Pu-Yi enthroned in Mukden to endorse the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, ostensibly to protect Japanese interests, the same tactic Eastern Jewel had employed in Shanghai. To hurry Pu-Yi's decision, Doihara himself appeared in Tientsin and had Eastern Jewel brought to him for conference.
The two had never before met. Eastern Jewel's entrance into Doihara's office in the dead of night was calculated to impress upon the spy chief that she was a dramatic master of disguise, worthy of any top agent in the employ of Japan. She entered the outer office dressed as a Chinese gentleman, refusing to give her name. Doihara had the visitor brought to him as he was doing paperwork, his gun close to him on the desk.
"Your name, please?" Doihara said.
"My name is of no importance." replied Eastern Jewel in her deepest voice. "I have come to help you.
"You speak like a eunuch," snorted Doihara. "Are you one of Pu-Yi's men?"
When she laughed. Doihara stood up, moved quickly around his desk, withdrawing his sword and pointing it at her. "Very well then," said Doihara, "if you will not tell me who you are, let's see what you are." Delicately flicking the point of his sword, Doihara, as he related with relish to friends later, cut one string on the front of her robe after another, then, while she continued to smile at him, flicked the robe open to reveal her petite, female body. "I saw that she was a woman." Doihara concluded, "so I conducted a thorough investigation and determined that I had not put even the smallest scratch on any part of her white skin."
Following their lengthy tryst, spymaster and spy put together a plan that they felt would finally compel Pu-Yi to go to Mukden. It was the old provocation tactic again. This time, Eastern Jewel hired Chinese terrorists to attack the Japanese guards protecting Pu-Yi at the very entrance of his villa. The commotion brought the boy-emperor to the foyer where he witnessed his guards hard-pressed to drive off the attackers.
At this point, Pu-Yi immediately opted for Mukden. Doihara later stated that he smuggled the boy-emperor into the trunk of his car and, after a wild ride and a trip down the river, managed to get him aboard a Japanese ship which took him to Mukden. On the other hand, Pu-Yi might have still hesitated and Doihara, at his wit's end, simply kidnapped Pu-Yi.
Once in Mukden, Pu-Yi was installed on a throne that had no meaning, except to give the Japanese the excuse that their invasion of Manchuria was at the request of Emperor Pu-Yi, a request made to "preserve peace." Pu-Yi would remain a virtual prisoner of the Japanese until after World War II, when, homeless, throneless, wifeless, he wandered through China and its then civil war, only to be identified finally by the Communists and, after a long imprisonment and indoctrination, be released to die in obscurity.
For her part in the Pu-Yi operation, Eastern Jewel was commended by her Japanese spymasters who rewarded her by giving her the rank of commander and allowing her to wear the full dress uniform of a Japanese officer. She reveled in this role. In 1932, during the phony war she had helped launch between Japan and China, she celebrated the ruthless bombing of Shanghai by the Japanese air force. She flew in Japanese fighter planes over burning Shanghai viewing the monstrous destruction of human lives and property, laughing and applauding the terrible sight. She later walked through the devastated streets of Shanghai, in the company of Japanese officers, joking, and indifferently stepping over the dead bodies of brutally slain women and children. No Chinese who saw her then would ever forget the sight of the smug, gloating Eastern Jewel.
After Peking fell to the Japanese, Eastern Jewel went to the capital to take up permanent residence with orders from the Special Service Organ to spy on the inhabitants. Establishing her headquarters in the finest hotel, the spy let it be known that, for a price, she could intercede with her Japanese friends and save the lives of those accused of sabotage, espionage or collaboration with the enemy, meaning Chiang Kai-shek. Eastern Jewel simply selected wealthy businessmen, ordered them to meet with her, and then told them they were under suspicion but that she could protect them for a fee.
As the tide turned against Japan, Eastern Jewel began to indulge in her most sordid sexual fantasies, taking on a number of bed partners, sometimes as many as a dozen at one time. On other occasions she slept with members of her own Japanese guards. She sent her guards to haunt the local theaters as she was attracted to handsome, young actors.
At war's end, Eastern Jewel was no longer the sensual, alluring woman that had enchanted so many men. She was a haggard, bloated ruin, suffering from syphilis and many other venereal diseases. Her body, covered with open sores, was simply rotting to death and the sight of her sickened those who viewed her on the street, as she drove about in a broken down army vehicle that had been abandoned by retreating Japanese troops.
When Chinese troops recaptured Peking. Eastern Jewel went into hiding, changing her name and taking up residence in a hovel. She used up all her money by paying for protection but she was finally identified by one of her many abandoned lovers who led Chiang's police to the broken down shack where she lay on a dirty cot. Taken before a military tribunal, she was tried for treason, espionage and numerous war crimes.
Said her chief prosecutor: "This woman deserves death as a traitor but most of all because she rode in Japanese airplanes over bombed-out villages and laughed." Eastern Jewel claimed she was a Japanese soldier and if she were to be executed, she demanded that she be given the military honor of a firing squad. This was denied. She was led to a wooden block and, like the countless thousands slain by her Japanese friends, she was beheaded by the sword.
１９４５年１０月１０日，有著双重国籍的日本间谍川岛芳子，在北京九条 胡同３４号被捕，此时她方知身边的家仆是重庆国民党派来的中统密探。１９４ ７年２月８日审判，同年１０月２２日被判处死刑。 川岛芳子，满族，１９０６年生于北京，是清王室肃亲王善耆的十四女，满 名东珍、金碧辉，１９１３年六岁时，过继给其父的盟兄、日本浪人川岛浪速， 后随养父东渡改名川岛芳子。 出于政治需要，２１岁时她与蒙古独立运动主将、巴布扎布长子、日本陆军 士官学校毕业的甘珠儿扎布在中国旅顺完婚。她能说流利的英、法、日语及广东 、上海、北京方言，曾被誉为“男丽人”、“金司令”，是“大东亚共荣圈”的 活跃分子。 １９４５年日本投降后，国民党派徐永昌、商震受降，并将全国划为１２个 战区，忙于派接收大员，对战犯、汉奸无暇顾及。失地光复后民族仇、亡国恨全 记在战犯、汉奸的账上，东条英机、土肥原、冈村宁次处死了没有？大汉奸陈公 博、储民谊、周佛海、王揖唐枪毙了没有？一时间人们议论纷纷，尤其对女间谍 川岛芳子更为注目。 在各种压力下川岛被逮捕，先关押在北京孙连仲十一战区司令部仓库内，后 转至北新桥炮局子胡同前日本陆军狱内，不久又转宣武门外第一监狱女监三号， 每月审一次，但并不公开。 公审川岛是在北京的深秋，那天人流如潮般地涌向法院，宪兵阻挡不住。当 时笔者１７岁，正在北京金鱼池一个私立银行学校学习，从《民国日报》等报刊 看到公审川岛的消息后，出于好奇心跑到法院，当时看热闹的人把法院挤得水泄 不通，法院地方小，我拼命往里挤，撞断了钢笔，还跑掉了一只鞋。上午九时， 法官宣布开庭，法警拨开人群，将穿著白绒运动衣的川岛芳子带入法庭，人声鼎 沸、影机转动。皮肤细白，身体矮胖的川岛看了一下旁听席后，坐在被告席面对 法官，接著法官起诉，大意是：金碧辉，中国人，同日本勾结指挥满州国军，日 华事变中为在中国建伪政权，拉拢汪精卫并为日本当间谍，要求判死刑并出示三 件证物。法官读诉后，川岛进行了驳诉，并申述了己见。１９４７年１０月２２ 日被判处死刑。 １９４８年３月２６日当时各报都突出报道大名鼎鼎的日本密探金碧辉处死 刑的消息。记者们为拍现场，半夜到第一监狱等著行刑。夜里四点监门略开，只 准三个外国记者入内。中午从狱中抬出川岛遗体，交日本和尚大川长老火化。人 们揭开席看时，只见她蓬头散发，脸、脖子全涂有污泥不像川岛，群众纷纷向法 院、报社质问：为何审问时拍纪录片，行刑神秘？为何只许外国记者入内？而中 国记者被赶出现场？为何将面部搞成血泥难辨？行刑后封闭现场？在人们的责问 声中，监狱一位女看守向人们展示了川岛行刑后的照片算作了交代，但这些做法 ，并没有消除人们对川岛芳子神密之死的疑问。不久传出３月１５日处死的川岛 ，是用了偷梁换柱的办法，花了十根金条买的第一监狱女囚犯刘凤玲当替死鬼， 还说：川岛在上海进行间谍活动时，暴露身份被捕，是汪精卫找了个替身放了她 。也有人说：从外蒙跑到苏联去或是被美国人带走等等。唯一可靠的是川岛的亲 哥宪立的说法，他说：在蒙古和苏联交界处，有肃亲王的领地，芳子处刑不久， 从经营领地人处曾给他来信说，你的同胞已平安到达，准备去北国。这又做何解 释呢？ 生在中国帝王之家的川岛芳子，走的是歧途，最终以卖国、投敌、汉奸罪钉 在历史的耻辱柱上。然而，４８年过去了，川岛之死仍然是个谜。
『日僧事件』：淞滬戰爭的導火線
三友實業社，位於上海東北角馬玉山路（今雙陽路），是上海的 著名國貨工業，他們以生產三角牌毛巾質優價廉而聞名。『九．一八 』以後，這個廠的工友自動組織了義勇軍，每日操練，情緒高昂。
一九三二年一月二十八日傍晚，五個日本僧人在三友社附近走走 停停，不時四處窺視。這五個日本僧人，為首的是天崎居升、水上秀 雄、藤井國吉、後藤平和黑岩淺次郎。
這幾個和尚的不尋常舉動，引起了工人義勇軍的注意。他們馬上 派人盯上了這些和尚。和尚自有人跟宗，便奔跑起來。當他們跑到趙 家巷附近時，工人攔住他們盤問。就在這一剎那間，一群不明身份的 人，化裝成工人模樣，混入了三友社工人行列。他們揮動拳頭向和尚 身上打來。幾個和尚被打傷後，三人立即逃到不遠處的由日本人辦的 東華紗廠。其中有一人因傷重後來死去。
這件轟動上海灘的『日僧事件』，成為『一．二八』事件的導火 線。
『日僧事件』的幕後策劃者，是日本女間諜川島芳子和日本那上 海總領事館的助理武官田中隆吉少佐。
川島芳子，原名金璧輝，是清朝族肅親王的女兒。六歲那年，辛 亥革命爆發，她失去了貴族地位。不久就成為日本特務川島浪速的養 女，到日本信州高等女校接受教育。
一九二七年十一月，日本策劃『滿蒙獨立』。川島芳子被派回國 ，安排她與蒙古王公之子甘珠爾察布結婚，以控制這個傀儡。不科， 事未成功，皇姑屯炸車案使世界輿論大嘩，『滿蒙獨立』運動隨之夭 折。川島芳子與甘珠察布的婚姻關係立即解除，回到日本。『九．一 八』事件前後，她受日本間諜機關指派再次來華。
一九三二年，關東軍要在東北策劃炮制『滿洲國』。為掩人耳目 ，轉移國際視線，[土反]坦征四郎找到上海的田中隆吉，給他二萬日 元活動費，要他製造一個日本向上海出兵的借口。而『日僧事件』是 川島芳子製造出兵上海借口的第一步。
那幾個和尚是日本『日蓮子』。日蓮子是中國佛教中法華教流傳 到日本後演變而來的一支佛教流派。它的右翼以專門從事暗殺活動而 聞名。川島芳子利用這伙人去『點火』，那些冒充『工人』的，是她 收買的漢奸。
第二步，他們利用『日僧事件』火燒三友廠，把事情鬧大。
一月二十日晨二時，『日本人青年同志會』七十多人，前往三友 實業社『報復』。當他們路經臨青路時，值勤的華人巡捕上前勸阻， 他們立即就動手打人。華捕田潤生當場被打死，華捕朱伍蘭打電話報 警時，手被砍掉三個指頭。
三友實業社的周圍籬笆都被撬開，他們把汽油、煤油澆到工廠板 壁上點火，立即火勢衝天。他們還用手榴彈轟炸。
第三步，當天下午，他們在公共租界日本人俱樂部三樓開會，要 求日本當局和上海的日本海軍陸戰隊出兵干涉以『保護僑民』。會後 ，一千多名暴徒手持棍棒，在海軍陸戰隊掩護下，氣焰囂張地在吳淞 路、北四川路一帶游行示威。沿途不少商店被他們用棍棒搗毀，電車 也被他們阻攔，值勤的巡捕再次被毆打。
這樣，上海的空氣立即緊張起來，關東軍策劃的日軍進攻上海的 借口終於製造出來了。
一月二十三日。龍華警備司令部。十九路軍和龍華警備司令部主 要官長都在這裏，其中有總指揮蔣光鼐、十九路軍軍長蔡廷鍇、警備 司令戴戟和所屬各部隊的長官。
蔡廷鍇軍長在會中站起來，用低沉堅毅的語調對大家說：『日本 人這幾天在上海處處都在向我們尋釁，處處都在壓迫我們，商店被其 滋擾，人民被其侮辱，並加派兵船及飛機、母艦來滬，大有占據上海 的企圖。』『兄弟只有決心的心腸，願意同大家同生共死。』
戴戟司令當眾表示：『天下興亡，匹夫有責，成敗何足計，生死 何足論，只有盡我等軍人守土御侮的天職，與倭奴一決死戰。』
最後，蔣光鼐總指揮訓示：『我們的死，可喚醒國魂，我們的血 ，可寒敵膽。』『我們明知物質上不是日寇的對手，但是這種萬眾一 心的精誠，就可以打開一條必勝之路，何況我們還有兩三萬人，真一 不能挽救中國嗎？』
當天，一份由陳銘樞、蔣光鼐、蔡廷鍇、戴戟四位將軍簽署了一 份告十九路軍全體官兵同志書。這份文告說：
『四顧神州，版圖變色，皇皇五千年之華冑，將淪為奴
隸牛馬萬劫不復之慘境，是而可忍孰不可忍。我不自救，誰
能救我！？！』
『我們為緊急應付起見，只有以我們愛國熱血染成我們
最後一片光榮的歷史。只有把我們殉國精神葬在四萬萬未死
盡的人們心坎裏，我們沒有回顧，我們不管成敗利鈍，一刀
一槍，死而後已！』
『自由之神已鳴，救死之血正沸，我們不要感覺我們物
資不過人，我們要以偉大犧牲精神來戰勝一切，我們必定能
救中國。哥哥們，弟弟們！衝鋒吧！我們要永永遠遠在血泊
中求最後的生存與勝利，我們來高呼：殺！殺！！』
十九路軍的官兵全體動員起來了，他們抱著隨時戰死沙場的決心 ，隨時準備用自己的熱血和生命迎擊來犯之敵。
『日僧事件』剛發生，日本第一遣外司令官鹽澤幸一就向上海市 長吳鐵城提出四項要求。吳鐵城卑躬屈膝，全部接受這些無理要求。
一月二十三日晚，停在吳淞港外的日本輕巡洋艦『大井』號和第 十五驅逐隊、特別陸戰隊四百五十七人到上海。
一月二十四日，日本水上航空母艦『能登呂號』到上海。
一月二十八日二十時，鹽澤幸一又提出進一步的無理要求，要求 中國軍隊撤出北四川路並平毀工事，由日軍進駐。
二十一時三十分，部分日軍軍登陸，他們和原來就在租界的海軍 陸戰隊會合後，趁著夜色向天通庵火車站集結。
二十三時三十分，鹽澤幸一下令進犯上海北火車站，準備以切斷
中國守軍的軍事運輸。 『一．二八』淞滬戰爭終於爆發！
七七卢沟桥事变经过（节录）
秦德纯
一七七事变前日本侵略的阴谋
日本军阀于民国二十六年七月七日夜，借口日军在卢沟桥附近演习之一中队，在整队回防时，突被驻卢沟桥二十九 军部队射击，因而走失士兵一名，指被二十九军官兵劫持进入卢沟桥城，要求率队入城检查。经我方峻拒后，至翌日拂晓前日方调集其丰台驻军，向我卢沟桥城进犯；我方为维护领土完整及主权独立遂奋起应战，掀起中日全面战争之序幕。
此一持续八年之久的战争，表面上虽导源于一偶发事件，实质上，日人早已处心积虑，进行侵略阴谋。溯自日本明治维新后，接受西方科学文明，革新内政，发展工业，军事装备趋于现代化，国势蒸蒸日上。嗣经日俄、中日两次战争胜利，日本武人，骄纵跋扈，不可一世，遂积极向外扩张。其侵略目标，一为北进占据满蒙，以阻遏苏俄之东进与南下；一 为南进征服中国以驱除欧美势力于中国及亚洲之外，完成亚洲为亚洲人之亚洲，实际上即为日本人之亚洲，借以称霸世界。但无论日本之北进或南进，均以进占满蒙及中国大陆为第一步骤。
民国二十年九一八，是日本侵略我国的行动开始，侵占我东北辽、吉、黑三剩二十一年进据热河省，二十二年春又挥兵南下，进窥我长城沿线之古北口、喜峰口、冷口各要隘。在以上各地激战近三阅月，经谈判于是年五月卅日中日双方签订所谓“塘沽协定”。此时我平津及华北察、绥、晋、冀、鲁各省已陷于岌岌可危之势。
二蒋委员长授命忍辱负重
二十四年秋夏之交，作者奉蒋委员长自庐山来电嘱令前往，遵即遄赴庐山，报告华北态势，并请示机宜。当时奉蒋委员长指示：“日本是实行侵略的国家，其侵略目标，现在华北，但我国统一未久，国防准备尚未完成，未便即时与日本全面作战，因此拟将维持华北责任，交由宋明轩军长负责。务须忍辱负重，委屈求全，以便中央迅速完成国防。将来宋军长在北方维持的时间越久，即对国家之贡献愈大。只要在不妨碍国家主权领土完整大原则下，妥密应付，中央定予支持。
此事仅可密告宋军长，勿向任何人道及为要”。旋即返报宋将军，慎密进行，之后与日方表面上之酬酢往还，较前增多。此时国内外人士不明真象，本爱国爱友之心情，函电纷驰，责难颇多，既不能向其说明真象，只有苦心孤诣，忍辱求全，以待事实之证明。主持其事者的精神痛苦确达极点。
经过一年余之艰苦折冲，我中央正在完成统一，充实国防，一本和平未到绝望时期，决不轻言放弃和平之旨，尽量虚与委蛇。因将北平军事委员分会撤销，何应钦将军调回南京，并将中央之黄杰、关麟征两师调离平津，另调驻察哈尔境。宋哲元将军移防平津，并任命宋将军为冀察政务委员会委员长，兼北平绥靖主任。日方又肆其挑拨离间之手段极尽威胁利诱之能事，以分化我中央与地方之团结，希望不费一 兵一卒造成华北特殊化之地位，使在形式上虽隶属中央，而实际则完全受日方之操纵指使。迭经交涉，其和平侵占之狡计迄未得逞。其不得不以武力侵占之企图，已箭在弦上，待机发动。
三七七前夕华北之军政态势
在七七事变前约两年的时间内，宋哲元将军以第二十九 军军长兼冀察政务委员会委员长及北平绥靖主任，所有冀察两省平津两市之政务及驻军统归宋将军节制指挥。当时因军政关系密切，所以行政长官多由军事首长兼任，如河北省政府主席由冯师长治安兼任；察哈尔省政府主席由刘汝明师长兼任；天津市长曾一度由萧振瀛担任，后由张自忠师长兼任；北平市长由作者兼任，时作者为二十九军副军长。事变前由于日阀之蛮横压迫，无理干预，我政府以正在积极准备国防，不愿过早惹起大战，因将中央部队黄杰、关麟征两师由华北南调，防务完全交由二十九军负责，以二十九军一个军之力量分布于二省二市，又处于国防最前线，兵力颇感单保当时该军共有四个师，共分布情形：①冯治安的第三十七师分布在北平南苑西苑丰台保定一带。②张自忠的第三十八师分布在天津大沽沧县廊坊一带。③刘汝明的第一四三师分布在张家口张北县怀来县涿鹿县及蔚县一带。④赵登禹的第一三 二师分布在河北省南部大名河间一带。
四事变前之折冲及丰台中日冲突事件
丰台密迩北平，为交通枢纽，驻有我冯师混成部队一营。
日军亦基于辛丑条约之规定，在该处驻一大队。曾于二十五 年秋冬之交某日，我军因出发演习，适日军演习完毕回营，两军在马路上相遇，彼此不肯让路，致起冲突，相持竟日，双方均有伤亡。迭经交涉，终以误会了事。此后日军益趋骄横，屡向宋哲元将军提出华北特殊化之无理要求，同时依附日阀之汉奸潘毓桂陈觉生等复为虎作伥，从中怂恿极尽威胁之能事，均经宋将军严词拒绝。但宋将军系一纯朴厚重热诚爱国之将领，迭经繁渎精神苦闷已达极点。曾于二十六年二月上旬一日告我曰：“日本种种无理要求，皆关系我国主权领土之完整，当然不能接受。而日方复无理取闹，滋扰不休，确实使我痛苦万分。日方系以我为交涉对象，如我暂离平津，由你负责与之周旋，尚有伸缩余地，我且相信你有适当应付办法。因此我想请假数月，暂回山东乐陵原籍，为先父修墓，你意见如何”？我当即表示不同意并说：“此事绝非个人的荣辱苦乐问题，实国家安危存亡所系，中央把责任交给你，不论你是否在平，责任总在你身上，因此我决不赞成你离开北平。”
当时宋将军并未坚持，因把回山东的打算暂时搁置。但到了二月二十日以后，日方交涉益繁，压迫愈甚，宋将军以心情恶劣，决定请假回籍，把交涉责任落在我身上，宋将军临行告我两事：“①对日交涉，凡有妨害国家主权领土之完整者一 概不予接受。②为避免双方冲突，但亦不要谢绝。”我就在这不接受与不谢绝两种相反的原则下，忍辱负重委曲求全的应付了四个多月。
自宋将军二月底离平之后，每日均有日方人员前来接洽，平均每天最少一次，或二次。如日本之外交官、武官、特务机关人员，是谈外交的，新闻记者、贵族院议员、及退役大将等，是来采访消息或考查华北形势的，我虽感觉不胜其扰，但抱定任劳任怨之决心，据理应付，使日方无借口余地。同时日方更利用离间分化手段，将二十九军分为抗日的中央派，及和日的地方派。认为我是抗日中央派的中坚分子，千方百计的攻讦诋毁、恐吓威胁必欲去之而后快。而日方收买之汉奸且专伺察我的言论行动及我方军事部署作为处置依据。当此内奸外敌交相煎迫之下，我只有戒慎沉着，以静制动，深恐一言不慎，一事失当，俾日人有所借口，致陷交涉之困难。
当即电陈中央请示机宜，旋奉复示大意要在不丧权不辱国大原则下，妥慎交涉，中央定予以负责支持，当即遵照此原则相与周旋。到五六月间已达极度紧张阶段，日方使用武力侵略之企图，已成弯弓待发之势。
当事变当日下午，我在市政府邀宴北平文化界负责人胡适之、梅贻琦、张怀九、傅孟真等诸先生约廿余人。经报告局势紧张情形，交换应付意见，诸先生亦均开城布公恳切指示。夜十时许散会后，不到两小时，象征我全民抗战的七七 事变于十一时四十分即在卢沟桥开始爆发。
五七七事变的经过与我方的应付
七七之夜，约在十一时四十分钟，我接冀察政务委员会外交委员会主任委员魏宗瀚及负责对日交涉的林耕宇专员电话，谓据日本特务机关长松井说：“本日有日军一中队在卢沟桥附近演习。但在整队时，忽有驻卢沟桥之第二十九军部队向其射击，因而走失士兵一名，并见该士兵被迫进入宛平县城（即卢沟桥城）。日本军官要求率队进城检查”。我答：“卢沟桥是中国领土，日本军队事前未得我方同意在该地演习，已违背国际公法，妨害我国主权，走失士兵我方不能负责，日方更不得进城检查，致起误会，惟姑念两国友谊，可等天亮后，令该地军警代为寻觅，如查有日本士兵，即行送还。”
答复后夜晚二点，外交委员会又来电话，谓日方对我答复不满，强要派队进城检查，否则日军即包围该城。我即将此经过，以电话告知冯治安师长，及驻卢沟桥之吉星文团长，要严密戒备，准备应战。同时并令吉团长，派官长侦探丰台方面敌人动态。到凌晨三时半，接吉团长电话报告：“约有日军步兵一营，附山炮四门及机关枪一连，正由丰台向卢沟桥前进。我方已将城防布置妥当。”我当即对吉指示：“保卫领土是军人天职，对外战争是我军的荣誉，务即晓谕全团官兵，牺牲奋斗，坚守阵地，即以宛平城与卢沟桥为吾军坟墓，一 尺一寸国土，不可轻易让人。”并以此处置通知冯师长。
八日拂晓约五点，日军已在宛平城之东面，东南面及东北面展开包围态势，先要求他的外交人员进城，继又要求武官进城，均经我吉团长与王冷斋专员（行政督察专员）拒绝。
日方武力威胁之伎俩已穷，即开始向城内炮轰，并掩护其步兵前进。事前我曾告知吉团长，日军未射击前，我方不先射击；待他们射击而接近我最有效射距离内（三百至四百公尺）我们以“快放”“齐放”猛烈射击，因此日军伤亡颇重。
六战争的持续与扩大
在八日对战时，卢沟桥铁桥上原驻我步兵一连防守，双方争夺铁桥，备极惨烈。曾被日军将铁桥南端占领，我军仍固守铁桥北端。彼此对峙至九日拂晓前，我方由长辛店调遣部队，协同我桥北端部队向铁桥南端日军予以夹击。是夜，细雨纷霏，敌人正疏戒备，我官兵精神抖擞，轻装持步枪、手榴弹、大刀，出敌不意，秘密接近桥南端，将该敌悉数歼灭。
当其被大刀队砍杀时，他们有的卑躬屈节，跪地求饶，所谓皇军威严，已扫地无余。
经过八九两日的战事，双方均增援部队，战事逐渐扩大。
到十日上午，日本特务机关长松井大佐派员向我洽商，认为事出误会，希望停战会商。结果为：①双方立即停战，⑤双方各回原防，③双方组织视察团监视双方撤兵情形。日方并要求我以保安部队接替吉团防务。于是我们又增加保安队一 团至卢沟桥城内，当时视察日方撤兵情形，仅将其第一线部队撤至预备队之位置，反责我方未撤回原防。我的答复：“所谓原防即战前原驻地点，日军原驻天津者，应回天津；原驻丰台者，应回丰台。我军原驻宛平城内，因应战移防城上，我军由城上撤至城下，即为原防。”当场日方亦无话可说。详察日方之要求停战，其目的在向其国内作虚伪宣传，说日本如何受中国军队之迫害残杀，作为调动大军侵略之口实，实为缓兵之计。
七月十六日，宋将军由鲁返平，主持大计。最初仍拟作地方事件解决，避免事态扩大。但日军大部队已陆续由东北调至天津，势极嚣张，和平解决已不可能。此时，奉中央电令：“应乘机围攻东交民巷日大使馆，以消灭其发号施令台。”
几经考虑，认为东交民巷各国使馆林立，大举进攻，势将玉石俱焚。且东交民巷防御工事坚固，日军武器已较精良，战事旷日持久，恐将陷北平于紊乱，因之决定进攻丰台。
廿五日拂晓，我派步兵一旅，附炮兵一营，向丰台进攻。
上午，战事极为顺利。至午刻，我已占领丰台大部，顽敌仅据守丰台东南端一隅，誓死抵抗。午后四时，日方忽由天津调来大部援军，参加反攻，以致功败垂成。
廿六日，又与日军在廊坊车站激战，双方伤亡均重。
廿八日拂晓，日军调集陆空优势兵力，约计步兵三联队，炮兵一联队、飞机卅余架，向南苑进攻。激战至下午四时，我军伤亡惨重，佟副军长麟阁、赵师长登禹均壮烈殉职；尤堪痛心的是在南苑受训的大学毕业学生，亦参加战斗，伤亡不少。
七移防保定展开全面作战
是日下午宋将军，张自忠师长及作者等，在铁狮子胡同进德社商讨南苑战事。忽郑大章师长（骑兵师）服装不整仓皇来报：“佟副军长赵师长阵亡，我官兵伤亡特重，他所属骑兵伤亡一半，另一半退往固安，日军大有围攻北平之势。”我见郑师长态度惊惶，礼貌欠周，我说：“彩庭兄（郑号彩庭），我们军人无论遇到任何艰苦情况，态度要稳重，礼貌要周到。”
郑亦欣然接受。宋将军即同我们商量，尔后的行动方针，决定了两个方案：（一）留四个团防守北平，由作者负责指挥。
（二）留张自忠师长率所部在平津与日人周旋，宋将军、冯师长同作者到永定河南岸布防。正在研究采取何一方案尚未决定时，适奉蒋委员长电令，命宋将军移驻保定，坐镇指挥。宋将军遂决定将平津防务、政务交张自忠负责，而于廿八日晚九点，率同冯师长及德纯等由北平西直门经三家店至长辛店，转赴保定。到长辛店时，围攻卢沟桥之敌炮兵，集中向长辛店车站射击。我们到洋旗外面登火车赴保定。从此伟大的抗日战争，遂全面展开。
宋将军至保定后，奉中央电令，任第一集团军总司令，着将所部开赴津浦铁路北段沧县青县一带，阻敌南下。此时平汉铁践北段保定及其以北地区涿州良乡一带，已由孙连仲将军所部防守。宋将军即派作者同石敬亭将军赴南京报告经过。
抵京后，石至监察院列席会议，有一部分委员对宋将军失守名城，深致不满，应予从重惩处，空气颇为紧张。当经蒋委员长说明：宋将军在平津支持危局，任劳任怨，得保全国家领土主权之完整，使中央有二年时间准备国防，这是宋将军对国家的贡献；否则，华北在二年前已非我政府所有，一场风波始烟消云散。蒋公又令作者转达宋将军，应特别努力作战，因此次战役，并非一城一地之得失，胜负亦非暂时间所能决定，务望坚苦支撑，历久不懈，方是制胜要诀。宋将军感激领袖之伟大宽厚，温瑜优渥，益激励所部奋勇杀敌，效忠领袖，以报国家。
八日本岂能脱卸侵略罪责
自二十四年秋迄七七事变期间，日方在华北既不能以和平手段达成特殊化之目的，乃迭以武力寻衅，迫使就范，最著者为二十五年秋丰台事件，双方军队冲突对战竟日，彼此均有伤亡，结果以误会了事，亦未能完成其要求。至二十五 年西安双十二事变突发，日方在平之松井特务机关长，以幸灾乐祸之心情，告作者曰：“中国由蒋委员长领导已渐成统一，我日方站在睦邻立场，同感欣慰。惟陕西张学良、杨虎城勾结共党劫持蒋委员长，使之失去自由，日方深为惋惜。此后中国失却领导，势必陷于紊乱，且共党亦将乘机坐大，日方为反共大计，实不能坐视”云。其狡然思逞之野心，已昭然若揭。迨同月二十五日张学良陪侍蒋委员长返京，我国军民欢声雷动，鞭炮庆祝彻日夜不绝，已确证全国人心拥戴之诚。
日方震骇嫉忌，认为中国在蒋委员长领导之下，迅即完成国防准备，实日本侵华之最大障碍。因此，武力占领，必须提前实施。于是七七战役遂即爆发。
徐世昌 （1855～1939）
清末、北洋政府官僚，北洋政府总统。字卜五，号菊人，又号涛斋。直隶（今河北）天津人。1879年徐与袁世凯结为盟兄弟，得袁资助北上应试。先中举人，后中进士，授翰林院编修。1897年袁世凯在小站练兵时，成为袁的重要谋士，此后累获擢升。1907年东北改设行省，徐被任命为东三省总督，曾多所举措，冀能巩固清政府在东北地区的统治。1911年5月，清廷设皇族内阁，徐任协理大臣。辛亥革命爆发，徐力主起用袁世凯镇压革命。同年11月袁组织责任内阁，徐改任军谘大臣、加太保衔。
1912年3月，袁世凯继任中华民国临时大总统，徐力辞太保，观望时局变化。1914年5月袁世凯任命徐世昌为国务卿，次年袁公开推行帝制，徐以局势难卜求去，退居河南辉县水竹村。1916年3月袁被迫取消帝制，恢复民国年号，起用徐为国务卿。徐在公私两方面为袁尽力。因要求讨袁护国军停战议和遭到拒绝，徐任职仅一月力荐段祺瑞继任。徐以北洋元老资格应邀抵京，先调解黎元洪和段祺瑞之间的权力斗争，后又调解直系首领冯国璋和段祺瑞的矛盾。1918年10月徐世昌经皖系操纵的安福国会选举为总统。他标榜“偃武修文”，下令对南方停战，次年2月召开南北“议和会议”，但无结果。1919年五四运动爆发，徐被迫免去曹汝霖、章宗祥、陆宗舆的职务，以缓和全国舆论的反对。为了阻止新文化运动的高涨，徐极力鼓吹“尊孔读经”以为抵制。在北洋军阀各派系的斗争中，徐世昌惯以元老身分和居间调和者的角色因势操纵。1922年第一次直奉战争后，直系控制了北京政府，曹锟、吴佩孚逼徐去职。徐被迫回天津。晚年，借助僚友门客编撰书籍20余种。
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