Rhenium

General
Name, Symbol, Number	Rhenium, Re, 75
Chemical series	transition metals
Group, Period, Block	7 (VIIB)[?], 6 , d
Density, Hardness	21020 kg/m3, 7
Appearance	grayish white
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight	186.207 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	135 (188) pm
Covalent radius	159 pm
van der Waals radius	no data
Electron configuration	[Xe]4f145d56s2
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
Oxidation states (Oxide)	6, 4, 2, -2 (mildly acidic)
Crystal structure	Hexagonal
Physical Properties
State of matter	solid (__)
Melting point	3459 K (5767 °F)
Boiling point	5869 K (10105 °F)
Molar volume	8.86 ×10-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	715 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	33.2 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	3.24 Pa at 3453 K
Speed of sound	4700 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	1.9 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	137 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity	5.42 106/m ohm
Thermal conductivity	47.9 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential	760 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	1260 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	2510 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	3640 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 185Re 37.4% Re is stable with 110 neutrons Meta {syn.} 2 E5 y β- IT[?] 0.218 0.149 186Os   187Re 62.6% 4.35 E10 y α β 1.653 0.003 183Ta 187Os
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Rhenium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Re and atomic number 75. A silvery-white, rare, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically and is used in some alloys. Rhenium is obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement and rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting. This was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered

Table of contents 1 Notable Characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Isotopes 6 Precautions 7 External Links

Notable Characteristics

Rhenium is a silvery white metal, lustrous, and has one of the highest melting points of all elements, exceeded by only tungsten and carbon. It is also one of the most dense, exceeded only by platinum, iridium, and osmium. The oxidation states of rhenium include -1,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6 and +7 oxidation states. The oxidation states +7,+6,+4,+2 and -1 are the most common.

Its usual commercial form is a powder, but this element can be consolidated by pressing and resistance-sintering in a vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere. This procedure yields a compact shape that is in excess of 90 percent of the density of the metal. When annealed this metal is very ductile and can be bent, coiled, or rolled. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductive at 10 K.

Applications

This element is used in platinum-rhenium catalysts which in turn are primarily used in making lead-free, high-octane gasoline and in high-temperature superalloys that are used to make jet engine parts. Other uses:

• Widely used as filaments in mass spectrographs and in ion gauges[?].
• An additive to tungsten and molybdenum-based alloys to give them useful properties.
• Rhenium catalysts are very resistant to chemical poisoning, and so are used in the certain kinds of hydrogenation reactions.
• Electrical contact material due to its good wear resistance and ability to withstand arc corrosion.
• Thermocoupes[?] that are made of Re-W are used temperature measurments up to 2200 °C.
• Rhenium wire is used in photoflash lamps in photography.

History

Rhenium (Latin Rhenus meaning "Rhine") was the last naturally-occurring element to be discovered. It is generally considered to be discovered by Walter Noddack[?], Ida Tacke[?], and Otto Berg[?] in Germany. In 1925 they reported that they detected the element in platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite[?]. In 1928 they were able to extract 1 g of element by processing 660 kg of molybdenite.

The process was so complicated and the cost so high that production was discontinued until early 1950 when tungsten-rhenium and molybdenum-rhenium alloys were prepared. These alloys found important applications in industry that resulted in a great demand for the rhenium produced from the molybdenite fraction of porphyry copper ores.

Occurrence

Rhenium is not naturally found free in nature or even as a compound in a distinct mineral species. This element is widely spread through the earth's crust at approximately 0.001 ppm. Commercial rhenium is extracted from molybdenum roaster-flue dusts from copper-sulfide ores. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.002% to 0.2% rhenium. The metal form is prepared by reducing ammonium perrhentate with hydrogen at high temperatures.

Isotopes

Naturally occurring rhenium is a mix of one stable isotope and one radioactive isotope with a very long half-life. There are twenty six other unstable isotopes recognized.

Precautions

Little is known about rhenium toxicity so it should be handled with care.

External Links

• WebElements.com - Rhenium (http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Re/index)
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Rhenium (http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Re)