Bromine

Selenium - Bromine - Krypton Cl Br I       Full table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	Bromine, Br, 35
Series	Halogens
Group, Period, Block	17 (VIIA), 4 , p
Density, Hardness	3119 kg/m3 (300 K), NA
Appearance	Gas: red-brown solid: metallic luster
Atomic Properties
Atomic weight	79.904 amu
Atomic radius (calc.)	115 (94) pm
Covalent radius	114 pm
van der Waals radius	185 pm
Electron configuration	[Ar]3d10 4s24p5
e- 's per energy level	2, 8, 18, 7
Oxidation states (Oxide)	±1,5 (strong acid)
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic
Physical Properties
State of matter	liquid (nonmagnetic)
Melting point	265.8 K (19 °F)
Boiling point	332 K (138 °F)
Molar volume	19.78 ×10-3 m3/mol
Heat of vaporization	15.438 kJ/mol
Heat of fusion	5.286 kJ/mol
Vapor pressure	5800 Pa at 280.1 K
Speed of sound	206 m/s at 293.15 K
Miscellaneous
Electronegativity	2.96 (Pauling scale)
Specific heat capacity	480 J/(kg*K)
Electrical conductivity	no data
Thermal conductivity	0.122 W/(m*K)
1st ionization potential	1139.9 kJ/mol
2nd ionization potential	2103 kJ/mol
3rd ionization potential	3470 kJ/mol
4th ionization potential	4560 kJ/mol
5th ionization potential	5760 kJ/mol
6th ionization potential	8550 kJ/mol
7th ionization potential	9940 kJ/mol
8th ionization potential	18600 kJ/mol
Most Stable Isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE MeV DP 79Br 50.69% Br is stable with 44 neutrons 81Br 49.31% Br is stable with 46 neutrons
SI units & STP are used except where noted.

Bromine is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a red volatile liquid at room temperature which has a reactivity between chlorine and iodine. This element is harmful to human tissue in a liquid state and its vapour irritates eyes and throat.

Table of contents 1 Notable Characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Occurrence 5 Precautions 6 External Links

Notable Characteristics Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element at room temperature. It is also a heavy, mobile, reddish-brown liquid, that evaporates easily at standard temperature and pressures in a red vapor that has a strong disagreeable odor. A halogen, bromine resembles chlorine chemically but is less active (it is more active than iodine however). Bromine is very soluble in water or carbon disulfide (forming a red solution). It bonds easily with many elements and has a strong bleaching action.

Bromine is highly reactive and is a powerful oxidizing agent in the presence of water. It reacts vigorously with amines, olefins[?] and phenols as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones and acids (these are brominated by either addition or substitution). With many of the metals and elements, anhydrous bromine is less reactive than wet bromine; however, dry bromine reacts vigorously with aluminum, titanium, mercury as as well as alkaline earth and alkaline metals. Applications Elemental bromine is used to manufacture a wide variety of bromine compounds used in industry and agriculture. Traditionally the largest use of bromine was in the production of ethylene dibromide which in turn was used as a gasoline anti-knock agent for leaded gasolines before they were largely phased out due to environmental considerations.

Bromine is also used in making fumigants, flameproofing agents, water purification compounds, dyes, medicinals, sanitizes, inorganic bromides for photography, etc. History Bromine (Gr. bromos for stench) was discovered by Antoine Balard in 1826 but was not produced in quantity until 1860. Occurrence Bromine occurs in nature as bromide salts[?] in very diffuse amounts in crustal rock. Due to leaching bromide salts have accumulated in sea water (85 ppm), and may be economically recovered from brine wells and the Dead Sea (up to 5000 ppm).

Approximately 500 million kilograms ($350 million USD) of bromine are produced per year (2001) worldwide with the United States and Israel being the primary producers. Precautions Elemental bromine is highly toxic, and touch or breathing more than trace amounts (10 ppm) can cause immediate health problems or death. Bromine is very irritating to both eyes and throat produces painful sores after making contact with skin. Improper handling of this element can be a serious health hazard requiring maximum safety precautions.

External Links

• WebElements.com - Bromine (http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Br/index)
• EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Bromine (http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Br)