19th century

(18th century - 19th century - 20th century - more centuries)

• The Little Ice Age ended.
• Napoleon conquers much of Europe, is ultimately defeated (1814); some old European regimes are restored, others not.
• Final phase of the Industrial Revolution, including Rail Transport, telegraph, and telephone.
• Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and light by Hans Christian Ørsted and James Maxwell. (See:electromagnetism)
• Mass migration from Europe to the United States.
• Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy.
• Gold discovered in Australia and throughout the west of the United States, leading to huge increases in national wealth and encouraging mass migration of free settlers there.
• Slavery ended in British colonies and in America. See American Civil War. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy.
• Charles Darwin revolutionizes biology with his theories of evolution, 1858.
• Europeans conquer and colonize large parts of Africa and Asia.
• Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt against owners.
• Meiji Restoration in 1868 opens Japan to modern influences and returns the emperor to power.
• Germany and Italy are formed as nations.
• Railroads make fast mass transit available to many. First Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869 linking east to west in the United States.
• The electric telegraph and undersea cables make instant global communication possible for the first time.
• Postage Stamps introduced in Great Britain and soon thereafter, in many other countries.
• Manufactured goods become widely availible by mail order

Significant people

• Ludwig van Beethoven, composer
• Otto von Bismarck, German politician
• Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet, critic, thinker
• Charles Darwin, biologist
• Charles Dickens, author
• Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician
• Thomas Alva Edison, inventor
• Antonio de La Gandara, painter, pastelist and draughtsman
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, author, thinker
• Victor Hugo, author
• Abraham Lincoln, American president
• Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist
• William Morris, social reformer, one of the first people to detect and warn of the drawbacks of standardisation, the profit motive and the division of producer/consumer interests
• Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher
• Louis Pasteur, biologist
• Edgar Allan Poe , author
• Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology
• Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), author

Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions

• Automobile
• Electric light
• Motion pictures
• Phonograph
• Photography
• Repetition rifle[?]
• Railroad Locomotive
• Steamship[?]
• Telegraph
• Telephone

Decades and Years

1790s	1790	1791	1792	1793	1794	1795	1796	1797	1798	1799
1800s	1800	1801	1802	1803	1804	1805	1806	1807	1808	1809
1810s	1810	1811	1812	1813	1814	1815	1816	1817	1818	1819
1820s	1820	1821	1822	1823	1824	1825	1826	1827	1828	1829
1830s	1830	1831	1832	1833	1834	1835	1836	1837	1838	1839
1840s	1840	1841	1842	1843	1844	1845	1846	1847	1848	1849
1850s	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859
1860s	1860	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869
1870s	1870	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879
1880s	1880	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889
1890s	1890	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899
1900s	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909