Software architecture

Software architecture refers to the theory behind the actual design of computer software. In the same way as a building architect sets the principles and goals of a building project as the basis for the draftsman's plans, so too, a software architect sets out the software architecture as a basis for actual system design specifications.

Table of contents 1 History 2 Views 3 Architecture Examples 4 Related Concepts 5 See Also 6 References

History

Software architecture as a concept was touched upon already in the 1960s by (for example) Edsger Dijkstra, but has increased in popularity since the early 1990s, largely due to activity within Rational Software Corporation[?] and within Microsoft.

Views

Software architecture is commonly organised in views, which are analogous to the different types of blueprints made in common architecture. Some possible views are:

• Functional/logic view
• Code view
• Development/structural view
• Concurrency/process/thread view
• Physical/deployment view
• User action/feedback view

Several languages for describing software architectures have been devised, but no consensus has yet been reached on which symbol-set and view-system should be adopted. Some believe that UML will establish a standard for software architecture views. Others believe that effective development of software relies on understanding unique constraints of each problem, and so universal notations are doomed because each provides a notational bias that necessarily makes the notation useless or dangerous for some set of tasks. They point to the proliferation of programming languages and a succession of failed attempts to impose a single 'universal language' on programmers, as proof that software thrives on diversity and not on standards.

Architecture Examples

There are many common ways of designing computer software modules and their communications, among them:

• Client-server
• Distributed computing
• Peer-to-peer system
• Monolithic system[?]
• Three-tier model
• Structured (module-based but usually monolithic within modules)
• Component Software[?] (strictly module-based, usually object-oriented programming within modules, slightly less monolithic)

Related Concepts

There are also a number of concepts which have been used in software architecture including

• software design patterns
• software antipatterns[?]
• standard data models

Software ontology is often considered to be a superset of software architecture, i.e. one 'ontologist[?]' co-ordinates several 'architects', 'integrators', 'data modellers', and the usability[?], technical documentation[?] and trainers[?]. There may even be some control over marketing and sales presentations if the purpose of these is to determine who the products' users are, or to find out their vocabulary or values, to help the product reflect these.

The foundation ontology presently being standardized by the IEEE is intended to simplify and constrain the work of ontologists to a degree, and will to that degree simplify many decisions in software architecture.

See Also

• Software engineering
• Usability engineering
• Programming paradigm

References

• Software Architecture by Rick Kazman gives a good overview of architectural concepts
• Architectural Blueprints - the 4+1 View Model of Software Architecture by Philippe Kruchen (Rational Software)
• Multi-Paradigm Design in C++ - Jim Coplien[?] - outlines all reasonable design approaches possible in C++, which is a particularly rich language but difficult for beginners.