John Forbes Nash

After a promising start to his mathematical career, Nash began to suffer from schizophrenia around his 30th year, an illness from which he has only recovered some 25 years later.

John Nash was born in Bluefield, West Virginia as son of John Nash Sr. and Virginia Martin. His father was an electrotechnician; his mother a language teacher. As a young boy he spent much time reading books and experimenting in his room, which he had converted into a laboratory.

From June 1945-June 1948 Nash studied at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, intending to become a technical engineer like his father. Instead, he developed a deep love for mathematics and a lifelong interest in subjects such as number theory, Diophantine equations, quantum mechanics and relativity theory. He loved solving problems. At Carnegie he became interested in the 'negotiation problem', which John von Neumann had left unsolved in his book 'The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior' (1928). He participated in the game theory group there.

From Pittsburgh he went to Princeton University where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He received a Ph.D. in 1950 with the dissertation Non-cooperative games. The thesis contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the Nash equilibrium; it would 44 years later earn him the Nobel prize. His studies on this subject led to three articles, the first entitled 'Equilibrium Points in N-person Games', published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) (1950), and the others in Econometrica about The Bargaining Problem (April 1950) and 'Two-person Cooperative Games' (January 1953). The only official economic lessons he followed were a series about international trade.

In the summer of 1950 he worked at the RAND Corporation in Santa Monica, California, where he returned for shorter periods in 1952 and 1954. From 1950-1951 he taught calculus courses at Princeton, studied and managed to stay out of military service. During this time, he proved the Nash embedding theorem, an important result in differential geometry about manifolds. In 1951-1952 he became science assistant at MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There he met the student Alicia Lardé, whom he married in February 1957. Together they have one son, John Charles. The mother of Nash's oldest son, John David, was Eleanor Stier.

In 1958 John Nash began to show the first signs of his mental illness. He became paranoid and was admitted into the McLean Hospital, April-May 1959, where he was diagnosed with 'paranoid schizophrenia'. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, Nash returned to Princeton in 1960. He remained there (in and out of mental hospitals) until 1970, unable to work or produce meaningful scientific results. Illustrative is the 30-year publication gap between 1966 and 1996 of any scientific work. In 1978 he was awarded the John Von Neumann Theory Prize for his invention of non-cooperative equilibriums, now called Nash equilibriums.

Nash's mental health improved very slowly. His interest in mathematical problems gradually returned, and with it the ability to think logically. He also became interested in computer programming. The 1990s brought a return of his genius, though it lived in a still feeble mind. In 1994 he received the Nobel Prize for Economics as a result of his game theory work at Princeton as a graduate student. He is still hoping to score substantial scientific results.

Between 1945 and 1996 John Nash published a total of 23 scientific studies, plus an autobiographical essay, 'Les Prix Nobel' (1994) [1] (http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1994/nash-autobio), first published in Sweden.

A film titled A Beautiful Mind, released in December 2001 and directed by Ron Howard, dramatically portrayed some events of Nash's life. It is (loosely) based on the biography of the same title, written by Sylvia Nasar[?] (1999) and received four Oscars in 2002.

A Beautiful Mind has been criticized for its inaccurate portrayal of John Nash's life and schizophrenia. The PBS documentary A Brilliant Madness attempts to portray his life more accurately.

External links

• Autobiography (http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1994/nash-autobio)
• MacTutor biography of Nash (http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Nash)
• PBS documentary (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/nash/)

See also

• List of economists
• List of economics consultancies and think tanks
• Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel