Francisco Morazán

Francisco Morazán Quesada (October 16, 1792 - September 15, 1842) was President of Central America, who enacted idealistic liberal reforms, then unsuccessfully fought to maintain the unity of that nation as it fell apart into separate states in civil war.

Francisco Morazán was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, then part of the Spanish colony of New Spain. When New Spain became independent in 1821 he was among those objecting to Central America's annexation to Agustin de Iturbide's Mexican Empire (see: History of Mexico); two years later he was a Honduran representative forming the new nation of the United States of Central America. On September 25, 1824 he was elected General Secretary of the Government of the State of Honduras.

In 1827 Jose Justo Milla[?] led a conservative coup taking over the Honduran state government; Morazán proved himself a skillfull military leader, defeating Milla's forces at the Battle of La Trinidad on November 11, 1827, south of Tegucigalpa. Answering the request of the government of El Salvador, Morazán also succeeded in quashing a revolt there, and he became famous throughout Central America.

In 1830 Morazán was elected President of Central America in a general election which brought the Liberal party to power in the republic. Morazán enacted many reforms, including freedom of speech, the press, and religion, equality of people of all classes before the law, and trial by jury. All of this was objected to by the Conservatives. The seperation of Church and State, including allowing secular marriage and divorce and an end to government enforced tithing, made much of the clergy an enemy of Morazán and the Liberals.

In 1834 Morazán oversaw the moving of the Central American Federal Capital from Guatemala City to San Salvador. Morazán was re-elected President in 1835.

In Guatemala Rafael Carrera[?], an illiterate but shrewd and charismatic swineherd turned highwayman, pledged a vendetta against Morazán and the Federal government after undisiplined Federal soldiers killed some of his relatives. Local conservative factions at first tried to use Carrera for their own ends, but by 1838 Carrera became de facto ruler of much of Guatemala. Morazán repeatedly chased Carrera's forces out of cities and towns, but Carrera's followers would retake places as soon as Morazán's army left.

The Carrera revolt inspired other Conservatives to revolt, and soon Central America was at civil war.

In 1839 Morazán's second term as President of Central America ended and the civil war in several regions prevented a general national election. However Morazán was elected president of El Salvador, and continued as acting interim Head of State of Central America -- which by then consisted only of El Salvador, Costa Rica, Los Altos (a state in what is now western Guatemala and eastern Chiapas) and a few scattered communities elsewhere.

In 1840 Carrera's forces routed Morazán's forces, and Morazán went into exile in Colombia.

In 1842 he returned to Costa Rica, where he was elected President. He tried to use this as a base to reunite Central America, but was captured by anti-Federalist forces and executed in San José, Costa Rica on Central American independence day. His last words were "Posterity shall do us justice!"

Francisco Morazán remains admired by Central American liberals, and is a national hero of Honduras.

See also: History of Central America