English-only movement

An English-only movement refers to political movements for establishing the English language as the only official language in the United States. "Movement" here is a loose collective term, as the idea has had incarnations in different political eras.

Table of contents 1 The earliest English-only movement 2 The modern English-only movement 3 Actual situation 3.1 See also 3.2 External Links

The earliest English-only movement

In 1803, by the Louisiana Purchase, the United States acquired French-speaking populations in Louisiana. After the Mexican-American War, the United States acquired Spanish (about 75,000) and American Native-speaking populations, as well.

An 1847 law authorized French–English instruction in public schools in Louisiana. In 1849, the California constitution recognized Spanish language rights.

French language rights were abolished after the American Civil War. In 1868, the Indian Peace Commission[?] recommended English-only schooling for the American Natives. In 1878–79, the California constitution was rewritten: 'All laws of the State of California, and all official writings, and the executive, legislative, and judicial proceedings shall be conducted, preserved, and published in no other than the English language’

In the late 1880s, Wisconsin and Illinois passed English-only instruction laws for both public and parochial schools.

In 1896, English became the sole medium of public schooling for Hawaiian children. After the Spanish-American War, English was declared ‘the official language of the school room’ in Puerto Rico. In the same, English was declared the official language in Philippines, after the Philippine-American War.

The modern English-only movement

• In 1980, Dade County, Florida, voters approved an "anti-bilingual ordinance".
• In 1981, English was declared the state's official language in Virginia.
• In 1983, Dr John Tanton[?] founded, along with S. I. Hayakawa, US English, a political lobbying organization. In 1979, Dr John Tanton had founded the Federation for American Immigration Reform[?] (FAIR), an immigration restriction group.
• In 1986, Larry Pratt[?] founded English First[?] and Lou Zaeske[?], the American Ethnic Coalition[?].

Actual situation

Nowadays, United States have no official languages, but there are official languages in some states:

• English, in:
  • Alabama
  • Arizona
  • Arkansas
  • California
  • Colorado
  • Florida
  • Georgia
  • Hawaii (with Hawaiian)
  • Illinois
  • Indiana
  • Kentucky
  • Louisiana
  • Mississippi
  • Montana
  • Nebraska
  • New Hampshire
  • New Mexico (with Spanish)
  • North Carolina
  • North Dakota
  • Puerto Rico (with Spanish)
  • South Carolina
  • South Dakota
  • Tennessee
  • Virginia
  • Wyoming
• Hawaiian in:
  • Hawaii (with English)
• Spanish in:
  • New Mexico (with English)
  • Puerto Rico (with English)

See also

• Bilingual education
• Discrimination
• Languages in the United States
• Spanish in the United States

External Links

• Anatomy of the English-Only Movement (http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/anatomy.htm), by James Crawford[?]
• Lingo Jingo: English Only and the New Nativism (http://www.prospect.org/print/V8/33/nunberg-g), by Geoffrey Nunberg
• Iowa Passes "English Only" Measure (2/27/02) (http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/2/26/164010.shtml)
• U.S. English (advocates for English Only) (http://www.us-english.org/)