The
Dominions of Sweden or
Svenska besittningar were territories that historically came under control of the Swedish
Crown, but never became fully integrated with
Sweden. This generally meant that they were ruled by
Swedish Governors General under the
Swedish monarch, but within certain limits retained their own established political systems, essentially their diets.
Baltic Dominions
Between 1561 and 1629 Sweden made conquests in the Eastern Baltic. All of them were lost in accordance with the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, which concluded the Great Northern War.
Estonia[?] placed itself under Swedish rule in
1561 to receive protection from
Russia and
Poland as the
Livonian Order lost their foothold in the Baltic provinces. Territorially it represented the northern part of present day Estonia.
Russia ceded
Ingria and southern
Karelia to Sweden in the
Peace of Stolbova[?] in
1617, following the
Ingrian War[?]. A century later Russia re-conquered the area, providing an opportunity for
Peter the Great to lay the foundations of his new capital,
Saint Petersburg, in
1703. The area was then formally ceded in
1721 by the
Treaty of Nystad.
The
Hanseatic town of
Riga fell under Swedish control in the late
1620s. During its bare century in the Swedish Realm it was the second largest town after
Stockholm.
Livonia was conquered from
Poland by
1629 in the
Polish War[?]. By the
Treaty of Oliva[?] between Poland and Sweden in
1660 following the
Northern War the
Polish king renounced all claims to the Swedish throne and Livonia was formally ceded to Sweden. Livonia represents the southern part of present-day Estonia and the northern part of present-day
Latvia.
By the
Treaty of Brömsebro[?] (
1645), following the
Torstenson War[?],
Denmark ceded
Jämtland,
Härjedalen,
Gotland,
Halland and
Ösel to Sweden. Ösel and
Dagö, islands off the coast of
Estonia, were ceded to Russia in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad. The other terriotories remained part of Sweden.
Scandinavian Dominion
By the peace treaties of Brömsebro[?] (1645) and Roskilde (1658) the Realm of Sweden expanded to the south. Skåneland, or Terra Scania, was ceded by Denmark in the latter and then successfully defended in the Scanian War[?] (1674-1679). According to the peace treaties the country was to retain its old laws and privileges, and was initially administered as a dominion. A gradual process of incorporation successfully concluded in 1721.
Continental Dominions
Through its minor German principalities, the Swedish kings in their roles as princes and dukes, or Reichsfürsten, of the Holy Roman Empire took part in the German diets from 1648 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806.
In
1648 Sweden received the two
bishoprics of
Bremen-Verden[?] in the
Peace of Westphalia, following the
Thirty Years' War. The town of
Wildeshausen[?], which was situated as an
exclave was also received. All of them were ceded to
Hannover in the peace treaty of
1719.
By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Sweden received
Pomerania, situated along the German
Baltic Sea coast. In
1720 the Swedish part of Eastern Pomerania (
Hinterpommern) with the town of
Stettin and the islands of
Usedom and
Wollin were ceded to
Prussia, following the
Great Northern War. In
1814 Western Pomerania (
Vorpommern) , with the town of
Stralsund and the island of
Rügen were ceded to Denmark, which in exchange ceded
Norway to Sweden under the
Treaty of Kiel[?], which followed on
Second War against Napoleon[?]. However the treaty of Kiel never came into force: instead sovereignty of Western Pomerania passed to Prussia, and Norway entered into a personal
Union with Sweden[?].
Sweden received the German town of
Wismar with the surrounding countryside in the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In
1803 Wismar was pawned, in exchange for a loan, and control was handed over to
Mecklenburg. The loan defaulted in
1903, but Sweden rescinded its right to regain control of the German exclave and thereby nominally received its present territorial constitution.
See also: Realm of Sweden, Provinces of Sweden, Unions of Sweden[?], List of Swedish wars
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