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Ubykh phonology
Below is a SAMPA-compliant rendition of the Ubykh consonant inventory listed in the Ubykh language article:
Consonants
| bilabial | alveolar | post-alveolar | alveo-palatal | retroflex | velar | uvular | glottal | |||
| stops | voiceless | simple | p | t | k -- kw | q -- qw | ||||
| pharyng. | p? | q? -- q?w | ||||||||
| palatalized | kj | qj | ||||||||
| voiced | simple | b | d | g -- gw | ||||||
| pharyng. | b? | |||||||||
| palatalized | gj | |||||||||
| ejective | simple | p’ | t’ | k’ -- kw’ | q’ -- qw’ | |||||
| pharyng. | p?’ | q?’ -- q?w’ | ||||||||
| palatalized | kj’ | qj’ | ||||||||
| fricatives | voiceless | simple | f | s -- sw | S | C -- Cw | S‘ | x | X -- Xw | h |
| pharyng. | X? -- X?w | |||||||||
| palatalized | Xj | |||||||||
| voiced | simple | v | z -- zw | Z | j\ -- j\w | Z‘ | G | R -- Rw | ||
| pharyng. | R? -- R?w | |||||||||
| palatalized | Rj | |||||||||
| affricates | voiceless | ts -- tsw | tS | tC -- tCw | tS‘ | |||||
| voiced | dz -- dzw | dZ | dj\ -- dj\w | dZ‘ | ||||||
| ejective | ts’ -- ts’w | tz’ | tC’ -- tC’w | tS‘’ | ||||||
| sonorants | nasal | simple | m | n | ||||||
| pharyng. | m? | |||||||||
| approximant | simple | w | r | y | ||||||
| pharyng. | w? | |||||||||
| lateral | voiceless | l_0 | ||||||||
| voiced | l | |||||||||
| ejective | l’ | |||||||||
Notes
- "pharyng." denotes a pharyngealized series of consonants, and pharyngealization itself is denoted with ?.
- When a labialized phoneme exists, it is listed after its unlabialized counterpart in the format "[unlab.] -- [lab.]", and is further indicated by w.
- Ejectives are indicated with an apostrophe ( ’ ).
- Palatalization is indicated by j.
- Technically, the affricates / tC / and / dj\ / are noted as / c / and / J\ / in SAMPA, but the former have been used to emphasize their relationship to the other affricates.
- The velar stops / k /, / g /, and / k' / are only found in Turkish and Circassian[?] loanwords.
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