In philosophy, substance means, approximately, that element of an object without which it would not exist. In the millennia-old Aristotelian tradition[?], as well as early modern[?] traditions that follow it, substances are treated as having attributes[?] and modes[?].
... of Westphalia, in 1648, but political difficulties at the end of the 17th century almost eliminated them. In the 19th century, by state mandate the Reformed churches were ...