Model organism

A model organism is one that is used for close study because it is particularly easy to study a particular biological phenomenon using it, rather than because it has economic or other importance.

Using model organisms works because evolution reuses fundamental biological principles and conserves metabolic and developmental pathways. Many key biological principles identified in bacteria are also applicable to more complex organisms. The cell cycle in a simple yeast is very similar to the cell cycle in humans, and regulated by homologous proteins.

There are many model organisms. The first was probably the bacterium Escherichia coli which is common in the human digestive system (and usually beneficial -- the dangerous E. coli O157:H7 is a rare strain). This also led to a study of many bacteriophages, particularly phage lambda.

In eukaryotes, several yeasts, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae ("baker's" or "budding" yeast), have been widely studied, largely because they are quick and easy to grow. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster was studied, again because it was easy to grow for a multicellular organism. The roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans is studied because it has very sterotyped development patterns and can be rapidly assayed for abnormalities.

Preliminary list of important model organisms:

Viruses[?]:

• lambda phage

Prokaryotes[?]:

• Escherichia coli (E. coli)
• Mycoplasma genitalium - a minimal organism

Unicellular eukaryotes:

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae - baker's yeast or budding yeast
• Schizosaccharomyces pombe[?] - fission yeast (used in brewing)

Multicellular eukaryotes:

• Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant, usually called Arabidopsis
• Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode, usually called C. elegans
• Drosophila, usually the species Drosophila melanogaster - a kind of fruit fly
• Rat
• Mouse (Mus musculus)
• Brachydanio rerio, Zebra danio, a sweet water fish used to study development
• Xenopus, the African clawed toad, also used in development
• Fugu rubipres[?], a pufferfish - has a small genome with little junk DNA