Septuagint

The Septuagint (LXX) is a collection of literature in Greek including translations of the books of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament), additions to some of these books, and additional works, most of which were originally written in Greek.

The Septuagint derives its name (Latin septuaginta, 70, hence the abbreviation LXX) from a legendary account in the Letter of Aristeas[?] that claims that seventy-two Jewish scholars (six scribes from each of the twelve tribes) were asked in the 3rd century BCE[?] to translate the Torah so that it could be included in the Library of Alexandria. Although they were kept in separate chambers, they all produced identical versions of the text in seventy-two days. Although this story is widely viewed as implausible today, it hints to the authoritative status that the translation had among Jews. A Talmudic injunction, long since abandoned, said that one may read the Bible in either the original Hebrew or the Greek translation only. Contemporary scholarship, however, holds that the LXX was translated and composed over the course of the 3rd through 1st century BC, with the Torah being the earliest part.

The oldest witnesses to the LXX include a 2nd century BC fragments of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957), and 1st century BC fragments of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, and the Minor Prophets (Rahlfs nos. 802, 803, 805, 848, 942, and 943). Relatively complete manuscripts of the LXX include Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus of the 4th century CE and Codex Alexandrinus[?] of the 5th century. Textual criticism based on comparisons of existing copies of the Septuagint, Masoretic Text, the Samaritan text, and the Dead Sea scrolls suggests that the Septuagint was not translated directly from what is today the Masoretic Text, but rather from an earlier Hebrew text no longer available to scholars.

Nevertheless, over time, the text was subject to numerous changes, which can be attributed to several causes, including scribal errors, efforts at exegesis, and attempts to support theological positions. Accordingly, the Septuagint went through a number of different revisions and recensions, the most famous of which include those by Aquila (128 CE), a student of Rabbi Akiva; and Origen (235), a Christian theologian in Alexandria.

Several factors led Jews to eventually abandon the Septuagint, including the fact that Greek scribes were not subject to the same rigid rules imposed on Hebrew scribes; that Christians favoured the Septuagint; the gradual decline of the Greek language among Jews. Instead, Hebrew/Aramic manuscripts compiled by the Masoretes, or authorative Aramaic translations such as that of Onkelos[?], of Rabbi Yonasan ben Uziel[?], and Targum Yerushalmi, were preferred.

The Early Christian Church did, however, continue to use the Septuagint, since most of the earliest members were Greek-speaking and because the messianic passages most clearly pointed to Jesus as the Christ in the Septuagint translation. When Jerome started preparation of the Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin, he originally started with the Septuagint, checking it against the Hebrew Masoretic Text for accuracy, but ended up translating most the Old Testament afresh from the Hebrew.

The Septuagint translation was used by the Greek-speaking portion of the Christian Church in the first few centuries of the Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church still prefers to use the Septuagint for translating the Old Testament into other languages.

Books of the Septuagint

ΓΕΝΕΣΙΣ	Genesis
ΕΞΟΔΟΣ	Exodus
ΛΕΥΙΤΙΚΟΝ	Leviticus
ΑΡΙΘΜΟΙ	Numbers
ΔΕΥΤΕΡΟΝΟΜΙΟΝ	Deuteronomy
ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΝΑΥΗ	Joshua, the son of Nun
ΚΡΙΤΑΙ	Judges
ΡΟΥΘ	Ruth
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Α	Kings I. (1 Samuel)
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Β	Kings II. (2 Samuel)
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Γ	Kings III. (1 Kings)
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΩΝ Δ	Kings IV. (2 Kings)
ΠΑΡΑΛΕΙΠΟΜΕΝΩΝ Α	Chronicles I.
ΠΑΡΑΛΕΙΠΟΜΕΝΩΝ Β	Chronicles II.
ΕΣΔΡΑΣ Α	Esdras I.
ΕΣΔΡΑΣ Β	Esdras II. (Ezra)
ΝΕΕΜΙΑΣ	Nehemiah
ΕΣΘΗΡ	Esther
ΙΟΥΔΙΘ	Judith
ΤΩΒΙΤ	Tobit
ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Α	I. Maccabees
ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Β	II. Maccabees
ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Γ	III. Maccabees
ΜΑΚΚΑΒΑΙΩΝ Δ	IV. Maccabees
ΨΑΛΜΟΙ	Psalms
ΩΔΑΙ (with ΠΡΟΣΕΥΧΗ ΜΑΝΑΣΣΗ)	Odes (with Prayer of Manasseh)
ΠΑΡΟΙΜΙΑΙ	Proverbs
ΕΚΚΛΗΣΙΑΣΤΗΣ	Ecclesiastes
ΑΣΜΑ	Song of Solomon
ΙΩΒ	Job
ΣΟΦΙΑ ΣΑΛΩΜΩΝ	Wisdom of Solomon
ΣΟΦΙΑ ΣΕΙΡΑΧ	Wisdom of the Son of Sirach (Ecclesiasticus)
ΩΣΗΕ	Hosea
ΙΩΗΛ	Joel
ΑΜΩΣ	Amos
ΟΒΔΙΟΥ	Obadiah
ΙΩΝΑΣ	Jonah
ΜΙΧΑΙΑΣ	Micah
ΝΑΟΥΜ	Nahum
ΑΜΒΑΚΟΥΜ	Habakkuk
ΣΟΦΟΝΙΑΣ	Zephaniah
ΑΓΓΑΙΟΣ	Haggai
ΖΑΧΑΡΙΑΣ	Zechariah
ΜΑΛΑΧΙΑΣ	Malachi
ΗΣΑΙΑΣ	Isaiah
ΙΕΡΕΜΙΑΣ	Jeremiah
ΒΑΡΟΥΧ	Baruch
ΘΡΗΝΟΙ	Lamentations of Jeremiah
ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ ΙΕΡΕΜΙΟΥ	Epistle of Jeremiah
ΙΕΖΕΚΙΗΛ	Ezekiel
ΔΑΝΙΗΛ (with ΤΩΝ ΤΡΙΩΝ ΠΑΙΔΩΝ ΑΙΝΕΣΙΣ)	Daniel (with Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Young Men)
ΣΩΣΑΝΝΑ	Susanna
ΒΗΛ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΑΚΩΝ	Bel and the Dragon

External links

• http://students.cua.edu/16kalvesmaki/lxx/
• http://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/
• http://www.users.dircon.co.uk/~hancock/sept.zip The Septuagint in classical Greek as a MS Word document