See: List of castles Castles in England
Angus
Argyll and Bute
Dumfries and Galloway
Dundee
Edinburgh
Fife
Highland
Moray
Perthshire
Scottish Borders
Stirling
... ions across the membrane; this produces a concentration gradient which can be used to power ATP synthase. This pathway is known as cyclic photophosphorylation, and it ...