Yoga Sutras

Patanjali has often been called the founder of yoga because of his small work called the Yoga Sutras. There is some confusion as to which Patanjali was the author of this book. He has been identified with a grammarian by the same name, but the grammarian's dates do not match the age of the work, as determined by the internal evidence. It's safe to assume that the Sutras were written somewhere between 200 BC and 300 AD.

The techniques described in the book come under the heading of raja yoga[?], or the royal path to union with the divine. In essence[?] it is mind training more than body training.

The Sanskrit word sutra means "thread" or "aphorism" and for that reason the work is sometimes translated as the Yoga Aphorisms. Patanjali created 4 chapters or books ( = Sanskrit pada), containing in all 195 aphorisms, divided as follows:

• Samadhi Pada

Samadhi refers to a blissful state where the yogi is absorbed into the One. The author describes yoga and then the means to attaining samadhi.

• Sadhana Pada

Sadhana is the Sanskrit word for "practice". Here the author outlines two forms of Yoga: kriya yoga (action yoga) and ashtanga yoga (eightfold yoga). Kiraya yoga, sometimes called karma yoga, is reflected in the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita, where Arjuna is encouraged to act without attachment to the results of action. It is the yoga of selfless action or as some have observed, of service. Ashtanga yoga consists of the following levels:
• Yama = abstentions
These are 5 in number
• ahimsa = abstention from violence = non-violence to all beings
• satya = abstention from lying = truth
• asteya = abstention from stealing
• brahma charya = absention from sexual activity = continence
• aparigraha = abstention from possessions
• Niyama = observances[?]
These also are 5 in number:
• Saucha = purity[?]
• Santosha = contentment[?]
• Tapas = austerities
• Svadhyaya = study[?]
• Ishvarapranidhana = surrender to God
• Asana - Postures of the body
• Pranaiama - Control of prana or vital breath
• Pratyahara - Removing sense impressions from their objects; it's almost an extreme "chillin' out" where the affect is removed from what we perceive with our senses
• Dharana - Fixing the attention on a single object; concentration
• Dhyana - Meditation
• Samadhi - Super-conscious state or trance

• Vibhuti Pada

Vibhuti is the Sanskrit word for "power" or "manifestation". This book describes the "higher" states of awareness and the techniques of yoga to attain them.

• Kaivalya Pada

Kaivalya literally means "isolation", but like most Sanskrit words, used technically, this translation is misleading. In this sense it means emancipation, liberation, very similar to moksha or liberation, which is the goal of Yoga.