Urea cycle

Urea is much less toxic than ammonia, therefore organisms which can't easily and quickly remove ammonia usually have to convert it to some other substance, like urea or uric acid.

Reactions of cycle:

• NH₃ + CO₂ + 2 ATP → carbamoyl phosphate + 2 ADP + P_i (catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase)
• carbomyl phosphate + ornithine → citrulline + P_i
• citrulline + aspartate + ATP → argininosuccinate[?] + AMP + PP_i (catalyzed by argininosuccinate synthetase)
• AMP + ATP → 2 ADP
• PP_i + H₂O → 2 P_i
• argininosuccinate[?] → arginine + fumarate[?] (catalyzed by argininosuccinase)
• arginine + H₂O → ornithine + urea (catalyzed by arginase[?])
• ornithine + NH₃ + CO₂ → citrulline + H₂O (catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase[?])

Summary reaction:

• 2 NH₃ + CO₂ + 4 ATP + aspartate → urea + fumarate[?] + 4 ADP + 4 P_i