Tumor

• increased cell division rate
• not controlable by growth factors anymore
• no differentiation (specialization) ability
• no ability for contact inhibition[?]
• ability to invade neighbouring tissue
• ability to build metastases

A cell that degenerates into a tumor cell does usually not acquire all these properties at once, but its daughter cells are selected to build them. This process is called cellular evolution[?]. A first step in the development of a tumor cell is usually a small change in the DNA, often a point mutation[?], which leads, among other things, to a genetic instability of the cell. The instability increases to a point where the cell loses whole chromosomes, or has double ones. Also, the DNA methylation[?] pattern of the cell changes, activating and deactivating genes more or less at random. Cells that divide at a high rate, such as stem cells, show a higher risk of becoming tumor cells than those which divide less or not at all, for example, neurons.

In cellular model systems, cells are exposed to carcinogenic influences (chemicals, radiation). In these systems, the first signs of a cell developing into a tumor cell are :

• Immortality. The usual number of cell divisions for a mammalian cell is 50-60 (cell senescence[?]), then it ceases to divide. Tumor cells keep dividing forever.
• Altered morphology.
• Building of cellular clusters (Foci).
• Loss of contact inhibition[?].
• Low or no need for growth factors.

See also : Apoptosis -- Oncogene -- Tumor suppressor gene