Ring 0 is one of the privilege levels[?] in which an x86 processor can operate at any time. The others are rings 1[?], 2[?] and 3[?]. Of these most of the operating systems including Linux use only two levels, namely Ring 0 and Ring 3. Ring 0 is the highest privilege level and is the level at which the operating system kernel runs (kernel mode). Ring 3 is the lowest privilege level and is the level at which user applications are run.
... of "=", that will make it a perfect square trinomial of the form x2 + 2xy + y2. Since "2xy" in this case is (b/a)x, we must have y = b/(2a), so we add the square of ...