The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an international organization based in The Hague in the Netherlands. It was established in 1899 as one of the acts of the first Hague Peace Conference[?]. In 2002, 96 countries were party to the treaty. The Court deals in cases submitted to it by consent of the parties involved and handles cases between countries and between countries and private parties.
... and navigability of this strait. The Russians made their first permanent settlement on Sakhalin in 1857 as a Czarist penal colony; but the southern part of the island ...