Peptide bond

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxy group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H₂O). This is a dehydration synthesis reaction, and usually occurs between amino acids.

The resulting C-N bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is called an amide. Polypeptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. The backbone of PNA is also held together by peptide bonds.

The C-N bond has a partial double bond character (with the Nitrogen atom attaining a partial positive charge and the oxygen atom a partial negative charge) and the molecule can normally not rotate around this bond. The whole arrangement of the four C,O,N,H atoms as well as the two attached carbons in a peptide bond is planar.

A peptide bond can be broken by amide hydrolysis (the adding of water). The peptide bonds in proteins are metastable, meaning that in the presence of water they will break spontaneously, releasing about 10 kJ/mol of free energy, but this process is extremely slow. In living organisms, the process is facilitated by enzymes. Living organisms also employ enzymes to form peptide bonds; this process requires free energy.