Feather

Feathers, which originate from the scales of reptiles, are the most complicated integumentary structure among the vertebrates. Like hair, nails and scales, feathers are integumentary appendages[?]; skin organs that form by controlled proliferation of cells[?] in the epidermis[?], or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. They insulate birds from water and cold temperatures and provide colour which is sometimes used as camouflage against predators and sometimes as a means of visual communication. Although individual feathers are very light, a bird's plumage weighs two or three times more than its skeleton.

There are two basic types of feather; vaned feathers which cover exterior of the body and down feathers which are underneath the vaned feathers providing an insulating layer. The vaned feathers include the remiges (flight-feathers), the rectrices (tail-feathers) and the contour feathers which are distributed over the whole body. A typical feather features a main shaft, called the rachis. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or barbs, the barbs themselves are also branched and form the barbules. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus, or quill, which inserts into a follicle[?] in the skin.

A bird’s feathers are replaced periodically during its life through molt[?], new feathers are formed through the same follicle from which the old ones were fledged.