Eugenics

The word "eugenics" (from the Greek for "well-born") was coined by Sir Francis Galton, a cousin of Charles Darwin, to refer to the study and use of selective breeding (of animals or humans) to improve a species over generations. Compared to nowdays definition, Galton made a confusion between the genetic improvement of the human races by selection of hereditary features considered to be desirable and/or elimination of the traits considered to be undesirable, and the improvement of the individuals by actions related to their living conditions.

However, the initial principle defined by Galton, was directly in connection with the teaching and work of Darwin, himself very influenced by Malthus. According to Darwin, the mechanisms of the natural selection are thwarted by human civilization. One of the objectives of civilization is somehow to help the underprivileged ones, therefore to be opposed to the natural selection responsible for extinction of the weakest. According to eugenists, the loss of effectiveness could lead to an increasing number of individuals who would have normally been eliminated through natural selection processes. Eugenists thus propose to promote actions to balance effects of natural selection mechanism loss within civilizations. This basic principle inspired numerous and very diverse philosophies, scientific or pseudo-scientific theories and social practices.

In modern usage, it more commonly refers to human selective reproduction with the intent to create children with desirable traits, especially those that best meet some ideal of racial purity, as well as elimination of individuals carrying undesirable traits.

Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler is infamous for its eugenics program, which attempted to maintain a "pure" German race. Among other acts, the Nazis performed extensive, often cruel, experimentation on live human beings to test their genetic theories. During the 1930s and 1940s the Nazi regime sterilized tens of thousands of people who they viewed as mentally unfit. Most of these would later be killed by the Germans during the war.

The nation that had the second largest Eugenics movemnet was the United States. Beginning with Connecticut in 1896, many states enacted marriage laws with eugenic criteria, prohibiting anyone who was "epileptic, imbecile or feeble-minded" from marrying (see [1] (http://www.gene-watch.org/magazine/vol12/12-3mcewen_eugenics)). Eugenic considerations also lay behind the adoption of incest laws in much of the U.S. Some states also practiced sterilization of "imbeciles" in the early 20th century. The US Supreme Court ruled in the 1927 Buck vs. Bell Case[?] that the state of Virginia could sterilize those they thought unfit. Over the period when Eugenics was in place over 100,000 individuals were forcibly sterilized. Eugenics also persisted longer in the United States than in any other country with Virginia only halting sterilizations in the 1970s.

Almost all non-Catholic western nations adopted some Eugenics legislation, with the notable exception of Britain. Sweden forcibly sterilized women as part of a eugenics program over a forty year period (see [2] (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/health/background_briefings/international/newsid_290000/290661.stm)). Similar incidents occurred in Canada, Australia, Norway, Finland, Estonia, and Iceland for people the government declared to be mentally deficient.

Eugenics was also widely applied to immigration, in the early part of the twentieth century the United States and Canada began to receive far higher numbers of southern and eastern European immigrants. Eugenicists presented arguements that these were inferior races who would pollute the national gene pool if unrestricted. Thus both Canada and the United States passed laws creating a heirarchy of nationalities rating them from the most desirable Anglo-Saxon and Nordic peoples to the Chinese and Japanese immigrants who were almost completly banned from entering the country. These laws remained in both countries until the 1960s.

One benefit of Eugenics legislation was that advocates such as Margaret Sanger (founder of Planned Parenthood of America[?]) found it a useful tool to urge the legalization of contraception.

See Race, The Mismeasure of Man