Czochralski process

The Czochralski process is a method of crystal growth used to obtain large cylindrical ingots[?] of single-crystal silicon. High-purity, semiconductor-grade silicon (only a few parts per million of impurities) is melted down in a crucible. Dopant impurity atoms such as boron of phosphorous can be added to the molten intrinsic silicon in precise amounts in order to dope the silicon, thus changing it into n-type or p-type extrinsic silicon. This influences the electrical conductivity of the silicon. A seed crystal is dipped into the molten silicon. The seed crystal is pulled upwards and rotates at the same time. By precisely controlling the temperature gradients, rate of pulling and speed of rotation, it is possible to extract a large, single-crystal, cylindrical ingot from the melt. This process is normally performed in an inert atmosphere, such as argon, and in an inert chamber, such as quartz.

The largest silicon ingots produced today are 400mm in diameter and 1 to 2 metres in length. Thin silicon wafers are cut from these ingots and polished to a very high flatness to be used for creating integrated circuits.