Christiaan Huygens

Christiaan Huygens (born in The Hague on April 14, 1629) was a Dutch mathematician and physicist. Huygens is commonly associated with the Scientific Revolution and is generally given minor credit for his role in the development of calculus. He was the son of Constantijn Huygens.

In 1655, he discovered Saturn's moon Titan. He also examined Saturn's planetary rings, and in 1656 he found out those rings consisted of rocks. In the same year he observed the Orion Nebula. Using his modern telescope he was able to divide the nebula into different stars. The brighter interior of the Orion Nebula is called the Huygens Region[?]. He also discovered several interstellar nebulae and some double stars.

After Blaise Pascal encouraged him to do so, Huygens wrote the first book on probability theory, which was published in 1657.

He also worked on the construction of accurate clocks, suitable for naval navigation. In 1658 he published a book on this topic called Horologium. Huygens was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1663. In the year 1666 Huygens moved to Paris where he held a chair at the French Royal Society. Using the Parisian observatory, which was completed in 1672, he made further astronomical observations.

Huygens was one of the first writers to speculate in detail about life on other planets (although we do not know to which extent ancient writers exercised such speculation, since most of their work has not survived). In his book The celestial worlds discover'd: or, conjectures concerning the inhabitants, plants and productions of the worlds in the planets he imagined a universe brimming with life, much of it very similar to life on 17th century Earth. It was the liberal climate in the Netherlands of that time which not only allowed but encouraged such speculation. In sharp contrast, Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, who also believed in many inhabited worlds, was burned at the stake for his beliefs in 1600.

Huygens moved back to The Hague in 1681 after serious illness and died there 14 years later on July 8, 1695.

The lander for the Saturn moon Titan that is part of the Cassini probe was named after Huygens.