Ursa Major

Ursa Major is a constellation visible throughout the year in the northern hemisphere. Its name means "Great Bear" in Latin, and is derived from the legend of Callisto. Its seven brightest stars form a famous asterism known in the United States as the Big Dipper, because the major stars can be seen to follow the rough outline of a large ladle, or dipper. The Big Dipper is recognized as a grouping of stars in many cultures and eras. In the United Kingdom it is commonly known as the Plough, and was sometimes formerly called King Charles's Wain (where wain means "wagon").

Ursa Major
Abbreviation	UMa
Genitive	Ursae Majoris
Meaning in English	the Great Bear
Right ascension	10.67 h
Declination	55.38°
Visible to latitude	Between 90° and -30°
On meridian	9 p.m., April 20
Area  - Total	Ranked 3rd 1 280 sq. deg.
Number of stars with apparent magnitude < 3	6
Brightest star  - Apparent magnitude	Dubhe[?] (α UMa) 1.8
Meteor showers	Alpha Ursa Majorids[?] Ursids[?] Leonids-Ursids[?]
Bordering constellations	Draco Camelopardalis Lynx Leo Minor Leo Coma Berenices Canes Venatici Boötes

Table of contents 1 Notable features 2 Notable deep sky objects 3 History 4 Mythology

Notable features

From the bowl to the handle, the stars in the Big Dipper are called Dubhe[?], Merak[?], Phecda[?], Megrez[?], Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid [?] (or Benetnash), and are given Bayer designations of Alpha to Eta Ursae Majoris, in that order. Mizar has a companion star called Alcor[?], just visible to the naked eye, that served as a traditional test of sight. Both stars are actually multiple in and of themselves, including the first telescopic and spectroscopic binaries.

The star Polaris, the Pole Star, can be found by measuring a line five times the angular distance between the two pointer stars Dubhe and Merak forming the end of the dipper cup, through those stars and up and away from the dipper. The dipper also points the way to other stars, for instance by sweeping down from the handle one reaches Arcturus (α Boötis) and Spica (α Virginis). A mnemonic for this is "Follow the arc to Arcturus, and speed on to Spica.".

In 1869, R. A. Proctor noticed that, except for Dubhe and Alkaid, the stars of the Big Dipper all have proper motions heading towards a common point in Sagittarius. This group, of which a few other members have been identified, formed an open cluster at some distant point in the past. Since then the sparse group has been scattered over a region about 30 by 18 light-years, centered some 75 light-years away, making it the closest cluster-like object. About 100 other stars, including Sirius, form a stream sharing approximately the same proper motion as the ex-cluster, but the exact relationship is unclear. Our solar system is in the outskirts of this stream, but is not a member, being about 40 times older.

In addition to the Big Dipper, another asterism comes from Arab culture - the "leaps of the gazelle," a series of three pairs of stars:

• ν and ξ Ursae Majoris, Alula Borealis and Australis, the "first leap";
• λ and μ Ursae Majoris, Tania Borealis and Australis, the "second leap";
• ι and κ Ursae Majoris, Talitha Borealis and Australis, the "third leap."

These stars are found along the southwest border of the constellation, the bear's toes.

47 Ursae Majoris[?] has a planetary system with three confirmed planets, 2.54 times and 0.76 times times the mass of Jupiter.

Notable deep sky objects

Several galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair M81[?] (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and M82 above the bear's head, and M101[?], a beautiful spiral northwest of η Ursae Majoris. The constellation contains about 50 galaxies, most of which are below 10th magnitude.

History

It was one of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy.

This is one of the most widely-known constellations, having been mentioned by such poets as Homer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Tennyson. The Finnish epic Kalevala mentions them, and Vincent Van Gogh painted them.

Mythology

Many distinct civilizations have seen this figure as a bear. In classical mythology, one of Artemis' companions, Callisto, lost her virginity to Zeus, who had come disguised as Artemis. Enraged, Artemis changed her into a bear. Callisto's son, Arcas, nearly killed his mother while hunting, but Zeus or Artemis stopped him and placed them both in the sky as Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

Hera was not pleased with the placement of Callisto and Arcas in the sky, so she asked her nurse, Tethys, to help. Tethys, a marine goddess, cursed the constellations to forever circle the sky and never drop below the horizon, hence explaining why they are circumpolar. To observers above 41°N, these stars never seem to set.