Beowulf

Beowulf is a traditional heroic epic poem in Old English alliterative verse. At 3182 lines, it is far more substantial than any similar work in the language, representing about 10% of the extant Anglo-Saxon corpus. The poem is untitled in the manuscript, but has been known as Beowulf since the early 19th century.

It is sometimes claimed to be the oldest surviving piece of text in what is an identifiable form of the English language, but this is highly disputable. The surviving manuscript dates to about AD 1000. The poem itself is certainly older, but there is only circumstantial evidence for the date of its composition. Some experts suggest circa AD 800 on linguistic grounds. If that date is correct, there are older English texts.

The poem is a work of fiction, but it mentions in passing some people and events that were probably real, and probably occurred between AD 450 to 600 in Denmark and southern Sweden (Geats and Swedes). It is a useful source for information about Anglo-Saxon traditions such as the fight at Finnburg, Hygelac, and Offa[?], king of the continental Angles. The story may have been taken to England by Danish migrants in some form (probably oral) and translated to English or rewritten at a later date in England.

The language used is called Old West Saxon[?], a dialect of Old English. It is one of the ancestor languages of modern English, but the language has changed so much over the years that most modern English speakers would not recognise it as their own language.

It is known only from a single manuscript, kept in the British Library. It is only partially legible after being fire damaged in 1731.

The story traces the life of a heroic king of the Geats called Beowulf, and his great battles with the troll-like monster Grendel, then Grendel's mother, and finally with a fire-breathing dragon in the battle which costs Beowulf his life. It is fundamentally a depiction of a pre-Christian warrior society, in which the relationship between the leader, or king, and his thanes is of paramount importance. This relationship is defined in terms of provision and service: the thanes defend the interest of the king in return for material provisions: weapons, gold, food, drink. This society is also strongly defined in terms of kinship; if a relative is killed then it is the duty of surviving relatives to exact revenge upon his killer: this could be either with his own life or with weregild, a reparational payment. Moreover, this is a world governed by fate and destiny. The belief that fate controls him is a central factor in all of Beowulf's actions which occur in the poem.

There have been many translations of this poem. One of the most recent is by the poet Seamus Heaney.

The Beowulf story was retold from the monster's point of view by John Gardner[?] in his novel Grendel.

The Beowulf story was used as basis for Michael Crichton's novel Eaters of the Dead[?], filmed starring Antonio Banderas as The 13th Warrior.

Beowulf was an important influence on J.R.R. Tolkien, who also wrote a book about the poem.

Here is a small sample including the first naming in the poem of Beowulf himself.

After each line is the translation by Francis Gummere[?] to modern English (though the translation is still hard to follow). Gummere's translation is now also out of copyright, and can be had at Project Gutenberg (direct link (ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext97/bwulf10.txt)).