Abstract expressionism

Abstract expressionism was an American post-World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and also the one that put New York City at the center of the art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.

The term was first applied to American art in 1946 by the critic Robert Coates[?].

Technically, its most important predecessor is often said to be surrealism, with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic or subconcsious creation. Jackson Pollock's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a technique that has its roots in the work of Max Ernst.

The movement gets its name because it is seen as combining the emotional intensity and self-expression of the German Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of the European abstract schools such as Futurism, the Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism. Additionally, it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, rather nihilistic.

In practice, the term is applied to any number of artists working in New York who had quite different styles, and even applied to work which is not especially abstract nor expressionist. Pollock's energetic "action paintings[?]", with their "busy" feel, are very different both technically and aesthetically to the rather violent and grotesque Women series of Willem de Kooning[?] (which is not particularly abstract) and to the serenely shimmering blocks of colour in Mark Rothko's work (which does not seem particularly expressionist), yet all three are classified as abstract expressionists.

That said, abstract expressionist paintings do tend to share certain definite characteristics, such as a fondness for large canvases, and an emphasis on the canvas's inherent flatness.

As the first truly original school of painting in America, abstract expressionism demonstrated the vitality and creativity of the country in the post-war years, as well as its need (or ability) to develop an aesthetic sense that was not constrained by the European standards of beauty.

Canadian artist, Jean-Paul Riopelle[?] (1923-2002), helped introduce abstract impressionism in Paris in the 1950s.

By the 1960s, the movement had lost most of its impact, and was no longer so influential. Movements which were direct responses to, and rebellions against, abstract expressionism had begun, such as pop art and minimalism. However, many painters who had produced abstract expressionist work continued to work in that style for many years afterwards.

Abstract expressionism's main representatives were:

• Willem DeKooning[?]
• Helen Frankenthaler
• Arshile Gorky[?]
• Adolph Gottlieb[?]
• Philip Guston[?]
• Hans Hofmann[?]
• Franz Kline[?]
• Robert Motherwell[?]
• Barnett Newman
• Jackson Pollock
• Jean-Paul Riopelle[?]
• Mark Rothko
• Clyfford Still