Accusing Osama bin Laden's Islamic extremist al-Qaeda group of responsibility, the U.S. retaliated with cruise missile attacks (August 20) on al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan and the al-Shifa pharmaceutical plant in Khartoum, Sudan, which was alleged to be producing materials for chemical weapons. Despite the Sudanese government's earlier hospitality to bin Laden, the al-Shifa factory is widely thought to have been unconnected with weapons-related activity. Damage to al-Qaeda's infrastructure in Afghanistan is thought to have been minor.
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