United States Department of State

The United States Department of State, or State Department for short, is the Cabinet-level foreign affairs agency of the United States government. It is administered by the United States Secretary of State.

History

The United States Constitution, drafted in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 and ratified by the states the following year, gave the President responsibility for the conduct of the nation's foreign relations. It soon became clear, however, that an executive branch was necessary to support President Washington in the conduct of the affairs of the new Federal Government.

The House and Senate approved legislation to establish a Department of Foreign Affairs on July 21, 1789, and President Washington signed it into law on July 27, making the Department of Foreign Affairs the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution. This legislation remains the basic law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of domestic duties.

These responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint[?], keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15. Most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century.

On September 29, 1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, to be the first United States Secretary of State.

Duties and Responsibilities

The Executive Branch and the Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U.S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U.S. foreign affairs agency, and its head, the Secretary of State, is the President's principal foreign policy adviser, though other officials or individuals may have more influence on his foreign policy decisions. The Department advances U.S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the President's foreign policy. The Department also supports the foreign affairs activities of other U.S. Government entities including the United States Department of Commerce and the U.S. Agency for International Development. It also provides an array of important services to U.S. citizens and to foreigners seeking to visit or immigrate to the U.S.

All foreign affairs activities -- U.S. representation abroad, foreign assistance programs, countering international crime, foreign military training programs, the services the Department provides, and more -- are paid for by the foreign affairs budget, which represents little more than 1% of the total federal budget, or about 12 cents a day for each American citizen. As stated by the Department of State, its purpose includes:

• Promoting peace and stability in regions of vital interest;
• Opening markets abroad;
• Helping developing nations establish stable economic environments that provide investment and export opportunities;
• Bringing nations together to address global problems such as cross-border pollution, the spread of communicable diseases, terrorism, nuclear smuggling, and humanitarian crises.

As the lead foreign affairs agency, the Department of State has the primary role in:

• Leading interagency coordination in developing and implementing foreign policy;
• Managing the foreign affairs budget and other foreign affairs resources;
• Leading and coordinating U.S. representation abroad, conveying U.S. foreign policy to foreign governments and international organizations through U.S. embassies and consulates in foreign countries and diplomatic missions to international organizations;
• Conducting negotiations and concluding agreements and treaties on issues ranging from trade to nuclear weapons;
• Coordinating and supporting international activities of other U.S. agencies and officials.

The services the Department provides include:

• Protecting and assisting U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad;
• Assisting U.S. businesses in the international marketplace;
• Coordinating and providing support for international activities of other U.S. agencies (local, state, or federal government), official visits overseas and at home, and other diplomatic efforts.
• Keeping the public informed about U.S. foreign policy and relations with other countries and providing feedback from the public to administration officials.

The Department of State conducts all of these activities with a small workforce comprised of Civil Service and Foreign Service employees. In fact, the Department employs fewer people than do many local governments -- for example, in Memphis, Tennessee or Baltimore, Maryland. Overseas, Foreign Service officers represent America; analyze and report on political, economic, and social trends in the host country; and respond to the needs of American citizens abroad. The U.S. maintains diplomatic relations with about 180 countries and also maintains relations with many international organizations, adding up to a total of more than 250 posts around the world. In the United States, about 5,000 professional, technical, and administrative Civil Service employees work alongside Foreign Service officers serving a stateside tour, compiling and analyzing reports from overseas, providing logistical support to posts, consulting with and keeping the Congress informed about foreign policy initiatives and policies, communicating with the American public, formulating and overseeing the budget, issuing passports and travel warnings, and more.

Operating Units

• Bureau of Administration
  • Office of Allowances
  • Office of Authentication
  • Office of Logistics Management
  • Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
  • Office of Overseas Schools
  • Office of Multi-Media Services
  • Office of Directives Management
  • Office of Commissary and Recreation Affairs
  • Office of the Procurement Executive
• Bureau of African Affairs
• Bureau of Arms Control
• Bureau of Consular Affairs
• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
• Bureau of Diplomatic Security
• Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
• Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs
• Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
• Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
• Bureau of Human Resources
• Bureau of Information Resource Management
• Bureau of Intelligence and Research
• Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
• Bureau of International Organization Affairs
• Bureau of Legislative Affairs
• Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
• Bureau of Nonproliferation
• Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
• Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations
• Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
• Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
• Bureau of Public Affairs
• Bureau of Resource Management
• Bureau of South Asian Affairs
• Bureau of Verification and Compliance
• Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
• Counterterrorism Office
• Foreign Service Institute
• Office of International Information Programs
• Office of the Legal Adviser
• Office of Management Policy
• Office of Protocol
• Office of the Science and Technology Adviser
• Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
• Office of War Crimes Issues

External Links

• United States Department of State website (http://www.state.gov/)
• History of the U.S. Department of State (http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/dephis)