United States v. Shabani (1994) was a trial before the US Supreme Court. The court ruled: "...Congress intended to adopt the common law definition of conspiracy, which does not make the doing of any act other than the act of conspiring a condition of liability..." This ruling indicated that conspiracy alone can be criminal.
... Clinton (162)
Charles C. Pinckney[?]
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Federalist
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Source: U.S. Office of th ...