Quality

The term quality refers to how good something or somebody is. In the case of a person this is considered in a particular context, such as worker[?], student, sportsperson, etc. The term is often used in opposition to quantity. In science, the work of Aristotle focused on measuring quality; whereas, the work of Galilei resulted in a shift towards the study of quantity.

In manufacturing, quality is the concept of making products with the fewest defects. Many different techniques and concepts have been tried to minimize defects in products, including Zero Defects[?], Six Sigma, and the House of Quality[?]. Most of these techniques and concepts are controversial to one degree or another, since there are two opposing schools of thought with regard to quality. One school subcribes to a statistical approach to quality, measuring defects and then taking corrective action. The other school subscribes to a more organic approach, arguing that one should "design in quality" rather than trying to "test in quality".

The meaning for the term quality has developed over time. Three distinctive interpretations:

1. "Conforming to specifications" (Phil Crosby in the 1980s). The difficulty with this is that the specifications are not what the customer wants.
2. "Fitness for use" (Joseph Juran). Fitness is defined by the customer.
3. A two-dimensional model of quality (Noriaki Kano and others). The quality has two dimensions: "must-be quality" and "attractive quality". The former is near to the "fitness for use" and the latter is what the customer would love, but has not yet thought about. Supporters characterise this model more succinctly as: "Products and services that meet or exceed customers' expectations". This is today the most used interpretation for the term quality.

See also: Quality Management System, ISO 9000