Pope Pius IX

Born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti in Senigallia[?], Italy into the noble family of Gerolamo Ferretti. Educated at the Piarist College in Volterra[?] and in Rome. He attempted to join the Noble Guard[?] but was turned down due to his epilepsy. He instead studied theology at the Roman Seminary, he was ordained in April 1819. He worked initially in Rome before being sent to Chile. He returned in 1825 to become head of a hospital and canon of Santa Maria in Via Lata. He was made archbishop of Spoleto[?] in 1827. In 1832 he was moved to the more prestigious diocese of Imola[?] and in 1840 he was made a cardinal, Santi Pietro e Marcellino.

His election to the papacy, following the death of Pope Gregory XVI was the result of a factional division in the conclave between conservatives and modernisers. Mastai-Ferretti was the liberal candidate, and on June 16, at the fourth scutiny, he was elected - a key conservative had arrived too late to use his veto. Mastai-Ferretti took the name Pius in memory of Pope Pius VII, a early benefactor to him. He was crowned on June 21.

As a liberal and, somewhat, aware of the political pressures within the Papal States, his first act was to announce a general amnesty for political prisoners. His nature was kind-hearted and generous so he did not consider the potential implications of the amnesty - his concessions only provoked greater demands, radical Roman groups were seeking constitutional government and war with Austria. He was not such a radical, in a encyclical[?] of November 1846 he denounced secret societies (such as Circolo Romano[?]), the Bible associations, false philosophy, communism, and the press.

By early 1848 public disorder had forced Pius to concede a lay ministry and a constitution, although he held fast against war with Austria (April). Public disorder grew, with repeated riots, the Prime minister was murdered (November 15) and the Pope was denounced and trapped by a mob in the Quirinal. Pius escaped in disguise to Gaeta[?] on November 24, leaving Rome to the radicals and the mob - a republic was declared in February 1849. The Pope appealed for support, and French troops crushed the republic in June, although Pius did not return to Rome until April 1850.

Although Pius had lost his liberal tastes, his rule was still beset with temporal problems. The revolutionaries were still there, and the Papal States were coming under increased pressure from anti-papal nationalists - notably Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont. The Pope was obliged to rely on French and Austrian soldiers to maintain order and protect his territories.

In 1858 Napoleon III and Cavour (premier to Victor Emmanuel) agreed to war on Austria. following the Battle of Magenta (July 4, 1859) the Austrian forces withdrew from the Papal States, precipitating their loss. Revolutionaries in Romagna[?] called upon Piedmont for annexation. In February, 1860, Victor Emmanuel demanded Umbria and the Marches and, when refused took them by force. After defeating the papal army on September 18 at Castelfidardo, and on September 30 at Ancona, Victor Emmanuel took all the Papal territories except Rome. In September, 1870, he seized Rome as well, making it the capital of a new united Italy. He granted Pius the Law of Guarantees[?] (May 15, 1871) which gave the pope the rights of a sovereign, 3.25 m lira a year and extraterritoriality to the papal palaces in Rome. Pius IX never officially accepted this offer, retaining his claim to all the conquered territory.

Outside the loss of territory in Italy the rights of the Church were reduced across Europe, with Piedmont leading the way (Pius condemned them repeatedly, in allocutions[?] in 1850, 1852, 1853 and 1855). The Church was reduced in the German states due to the power of Protestantism, in 1873 a Kulturkampf[?] was started in Prussia and elsewhere against the Church. The situation was worse in Switzerland, Poland and Russia. While in the New World the Pope was forced to denounce Colombia (1852) and Mexico (1861) for their anti-Church legislation. However the Pope did manage to secure satisfactory concordats with Spain, Portugal and a number of Caribbean and South American states. Further he re-established the Church in England (1850) and the Netherlands (1853).

In spiritual matters Pius was much more vigorous. His December 1864 encyclical Quanta cura codemned seventy errors (Syllabus errorum), including many of the important intellectual ideas of the century such as rationalism, socialism, communism, and religious liberalism[?]. He proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. He also organised the the First Vatican Council (1869-70) which defined the dogma of Papal infallibility.

Pius had a very long reign, celebrating his golden jubilee in 1877. His tomb is in the church of San Lorenzo fuori le mura. His controversial beatification was begun on February 11, 1907 and relaunched three times before he was made venerable (July 6, 1985) and then beatified on September 3, 2000.