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Partition (mathematics)

A partition of a set X is a set P of nonempty subsets of X such that every element x in X is in exactly one of these subsets. The elements of P are sometimes called the blocks of the partition.

Table of contents

1 Examples:

2 Partitions and Equivalence Relations

3 Partial ordering of partitions: the "lattice of partitions"

4 The Number of Partitions

Examples:

The set {1, 2, 3} has the following partitions

{ {1}, {2}, {3} },
{ {1, 2}, {3} },
{ {1, 3}, {2} },
{ {1}, {2, 3} } and
{ {1, 2, 3} }.

Note that

{ {}, {1,3}, {2} } is not a partition because it contains an empty subset.
{ {1,2}, {2, 3} } is not a partition because the element 2 is contained in more than one subset.
{ {1}, {2} } is not a partition of {1, 2, 3} because none of its blocks contains 3. It is a partition of {1, 2}.

Partitions and Equivalence Relations

If an equivalence relation is given on the set X, then the set of all equivalence classes forms a partition of X. Conversely, if a partition P is given on X, we can define an equivalence relation on X by writing x ~ y iff there exists a member of P which contains both x and y. The notions of "equivalence relation" and "partition" are thus essentially equivalent.

Partial ordering of partitions: the "lattice of partitions"

The set of all partitions of a set is a partially ordered set; one may say that one partition is "finer" than another if it splits the set into smaller blocks. This partially ordered set is a lattice.

The Number of Partitions

The Bell number B_n (named in honor of Eric Temple Bell) is the number of different partitions of a set with n elements. The first several Bell numbers are B₀=1, B₁=1, B₂=2, B₃=5, B₄=15, B₅=52, B₆=203.