Natural law

In law, natural law is the doctrine that just laws are immanent in nature (that can be claimed as discovered but not created by such things as a Bill of Rights) and/or that they can emerge by natural process of resolving conflicts (as embodied by common law). These two aspects are actually very different, and can sometimes oppose or complement each other, although they share the common trait that they rely on immanence as opposed to design in finding just laws.

The concept of natural law was very important in the development of Anglo-American common law. In the struggles between Parliament and the monarchy, Parliament often made reference to the Fundamental Laws of England[?] which embodied natural law since time immemorial and set limits on the power of the monarchy. The concept of natural law was expressed in the English Bill of Rights and the United States Declaration of Independence -- and by 19th-century anarchist and legal theorist, Lysander Spooner.

The Roman Catholic Church understands natural law to be immanent in nature, in large part due to the influence of Thomas Aquinas.

For complete theories of law based on natural law, see libertarianism and particularly anarcho-capitalism. For theories of law which reject the concept of natural law, see legal positivism[?].

External Links:

• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry (http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm)
• Some notes on types of moral theories (http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/2178/lecture4)