Factorial

In mathematics, the factorial of a positive integer n, denoted n!, is the product of the positive integers less than or equal to n. For example,

5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 3,628,800

Usually, n! is read as "n factorial". The current notation was introduced by the mathematician Christian Kramp[?] in 1808.

Factorials are often used as a simple example when teaching recursion in computer science because they satisfy the following recursive relationship

n! = n (n-1)!

0! = 1

• 0! is an instance of the empty product, and therefore 1
• it makes the above recursive relation work for n=1
• many identities in combinatorics would not work for zero sizes without this definition

Factorials are important in combinatorics because there are n! different ways of arranging n distinct objects in a sequence (see permutation). They also turn up in formulas of calculus, such as in Taylor's theorem, for instance, because the n-th derivative of the function xⁿ is n!.

When n is large, n! can be estimated quite accurately using Stirling's approximation

<math>n!\sim\sqrt{2\pi n}\left(\frac{n}{e}\right)^n.</math>

Generalization to the Gamma function

The related Gamma function Γ(z) is defined for all complex numbers z except for z = 0, -1, -2, -3, ... It is related to the factorial by the property:

<math>\Gamma(n+1) = n!</math>

when n is any non-negative integer.

Multifactorials

A common related notation is to use multiple exclamation points (!) to denote a multifactorial, the product of integers in steps of two, three, or more.

For example, n!! denotes the double factorial of n, defined recursively by n!! = n (n-2)!! for n > 1 and as 1 for n = 0,1. Thus, (2n)!! = 2ⁿn! and (2n+1)! = (2n+1)!! 2ⁿn!. The double factorial is related to the Gamma function of half-integer order by Γ(n+1/2) = √π (2n-1)!!/2ⁿ.

One should be careful not to interpret n!! as the factorial of n!, a much larger number.

The double factorial is the most commonly used variant, but one can similarly define the triple factorial (!!!) and so on. In general, the k-th factorial, denoted by !^(k), is defined recursively by: n!^(k) = n (n-k)!^(k) for n > k-1, n!^(k) = n  for k > n > 0, and 0!^(k) = 1.

Hyperfactorials

Occasionally the hyperfactorial of n is considered. It is written as H(n) and defined by

H(n) = nⁿ (n-1)^(n-1) ... 3³ 2² 1¹

E.g. H(4) = 27648.

The hyperfactorial function is similar to the factorial, but produces larger numbers. The rate of growth of this function, however, is not much larger than a regular factorial.

Superfactorials

The superfactorial of n, written as n$ (a factorial sign with an S written over it) has been defined as

n$ = n!⁽⁴⁾n!

References

• The Dictionary of Large Numbers (http://home.earthlink.net/~mrob/pub/math/largenum-2)