In telecommunications, an electro-optic modulator is an optical device in which a signal-controlled element is used to modulate a beam of light. The modulation may be imposed on the phase, frequency, amplitude, or direction of the modulated beam. Modulation bandwidths extending into the gigahertz[?] range are possible with the use of laser-controlled modulators.
... under persecution from 1559 until the Edict of Nantes (1598), the effect of which was to establish regions in which Protestants could live unmolested. These areas becam ...