Elective monarchy

At the start of the 20th Century, several monarchs of newly-independent nations were elected by parliaments. Without a well-established hereditary royal family, new nations often chose their own monarchs from among the foreign or domestic nobility in hopes that a stable hereditary monarchy would eventually emerge from the process. The now-defunct royal families of Finland and Germany were originally appointed in this manner.

Other monarchs, such as the Shah of Iran have been required to undergo a parliamentary vote of approval before being allowed to ascend to the throne.

Currently, the world's only truly "elective monarchies" are in Malaysia, where the King[?] is elected to a life term by and from a small group of local hereditary rulers, and in Vatican City, where the Pope is elected to a life term by and from the College of Cardinals[?].