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# Casimir effect

In the field of physics, in 1948 Dutch physicist Hendrik B. G. Casimir[?] showed that two uncharged parallel metal plates will have an attractive force pressing them together. This force is only measurable when the distance between the two plates is extremely small, on the order of several atomic diameters. This attraction is called the Casimir effect.

The Casimir effect is caused by the fact that space is filled with vacuum fluctuations, virtual particle-antiparticle pairs that continually form out of nothing and then vanish back into nothing an instant later. The gap between the two plates restricts the range of wavelengths possible for these virtual particles, and so fewer of them are present within this space. This results in a lower energy density between the two plates than is present in open space; in essence, there is "less than nothing" between the two plates, creating negative energy and pressure, which pulls the plates together. The narrower the gap, the more restricted the wavelength of the virtual particles, the more negative the energy and pressure, and thus the stronger is the attractive force.

The Casimir effect has recently been measured by Steve K. Lamoreaux[?] of Los Alamos National Laboratory and by Umar Mohideen[?] of the University of California at Riverside[?] and his colleague Anushree Roy[?].

The Casimir force per unit area $F_c / A$ for idealized, perfectly conducting plates with vacuum between them is

${F_c \over A} = {\hbar c \pi^2 \over 240 d^4}$

where

$\hbar$ (hbar, ℏ) = Dirac's constant,
$c$ = the speed of light,
$\pi$ = Archimedes's constant, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter,
$d$ = the distance between the two plates.

This shows that the Casimir force per unit area $F_c / A$ is very small.

It has since been shown (see [1]) that, with materials of certain permittivity and permeability, the Casimir effect can be repulsive instead of attractive.

• [1] - Repulsive Casimir forces, O. Kenneth, I. Klich, A. Mann and M. Revzen, Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, February 2002

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