Blue Mountains

There are several ranges known as the Blue Mountains:

• The Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia (see below)
• The Nilgiri mountains in southern India are often called the Blue Mountains in English
• The fictional Ered Lindon in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth

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The Blue Mountains of New South Wales, rughly 100 kilometres west of Sydney, are a range of sandstone mountains that reach to about 1200 metres above sea level, and form part of the Great Dividing Range that runs roughly parallel to the east and sutheast coast of Australia for thousands of kilometres. The Blue Mountains take the form of a plateau with deep, rugged gorges of up to 1000 metres.

The name derives from the bluish tinge the range takes on when viewed at a distance, which is caused by the release of volatile oils from eucalyptus forests. (Most mountains and plains in the forested parts of Australia take on a similar hue: the Blue Mountains were a familiar sight to early British settlers in the Sydney district long before the bulk of the continent was explored by non-native people.)

The predominant natural vegetation of the higher ridges is stringybark[?] forest; heath-like vegetation is present on the cliffs. The sheltered gorges often have a temperate rainforest. There are also many hanging swamps with button grass reeds and thick, deep black soil. The famous Wollomi Pine[?], a relic of earlier vegation of Gondwana is found in the of the remote and isolated valleys of the Blue Mountains.

The climate varies with height. At Katoomba (1010 metres) summer daytime temperatures are usually in 20s with a few days extending into the 30s. Night time temperatures are usually in the teens. In winter the temperature is typically about 12 or 13 degrees in the day with minus 3 or so on clear nights and 2-3 on cloudy nights. There are 2-3 snowfalls per year. Rainfall is about 48 inches with many misty days.

The City of the Blue Mountains consists of a ribbon of close or contiguous towns which lie on the rail and road link between Penrith[?] (a western suburb of Sydney and Lithgow[?] (a coal mining town). There is a frequent electric train service which integrates into the suburban rail network of Sydney. The road is mostly dual carriageway but is relatively slow because of the urban development and hilly terrain.

The lower mountains (Glenbrook, Warrimoo, Winmallee, Blaxland, Springwood and Faulconbridge and Woodford) tend to be dormitory suburbs for Sydney. This is also the case for the upper mountains (Hazelbrook, Lawson, Wentworth Falls, Leura, Katoomba Blackheath and Mt Victoria) but to a lesser extent. Tourism is important in the upper mountains. Jenolan Caves, a spectacular series of limestone caves is often included with the blue Mountains and this lies about (60 -100 kms ??) to the south west of Katoomba.

Coal and oil shale were mined near Katoomba up until after the Second World War.

The Blues Mountains were thought to be impenetrable by the early settlers of Sydney and were not crossed until 1813, by Blaxland, Wentworth and Lawson. Rather than, like earlier explorers, following the river valleys—only to discover that they were terminated by vertical cliffs several hundreds metres high—the trio followed the ridges to reach the plateau. The first crossing of the Blue Mountains has traditionally been regarded as a critical step that opened the west of New South Wales to white settlement: however, modern historians point out that until about the time the mountains were first crossed there was still ample land available closer to the coast: the oft-told tale that the Blue Mountains were a crippling barrier to colonial expanson is largely myth.

A road crossing the mountains was quickly built using convict labour in the time of Governor Macquarie[?].

The main natural disasters to afflict the area are bushfires and severe storms. In recent years the lower mountains has been subjected to a series of bushfires which have caused great loss of property but relatively little loss of life. The upper mountains have not had a major fire for some decades but this is probably simplely a matter of time. A program of winter burning seems to have been quite successful in reducing fires in the upper maintains.