1 E19 s and more

See the article about the ultimate fate of the Universe for more discussion of these issues.

• Shorter times
• 7.7 × 10¹⁵ years -- half-life of cadmium-113
• 1.4 × 10¹⁷ years -- half-life of vanadium-50

The following times all assume that the Universe is "open":

• 10¹⁴ years -- the estimated time until low-mass stars cool off
• 10¹⁵ years -- the estimated time until planets detach from stars
• 10¹⁹ years -- the estimated time until stars detach from galaxies
• 10²⁰ years -- the estimated time until orbits decay by gravitational radiation
• 10³¹ years -- proton decay
• 10⁶⁴ years -- the estimated time until black holes decay by the Hawking process
• 10⁶⁵ years -- the estimated time until all matter is liquid at zero temperature
• 10^{100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} years (10¹⁰²⁶) -- the estimated time until all matter decays to iron
• 10^{10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} years (10¹⁰⁷⁶) -- the estimated time until all matter collapses into black holes